Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) has important applications in advanced materials manufacturing, automotive, aerospace, oil and gas industries, power generation, and medical and nuclear fields. The symposium focused on HIP applications in such areas as material optimization, radioactive nuclear waste, cast aluminum alloys, ceramic materials, superalloys, manufacturing of turbine blisks, densification of additive manufactured parts, diffusion welding of dissimilar metals and alloys, heat treatment inside the HIP unit, turbopump components, improved tooling materials, valve spindles for engines, Ni-base superalloys, titanium aluminide, stainless steels, metal matrix composites, phase transformations, uniform load cooling equipment, duplex steel, diamond/SiC composites, large hot zone units, additive manufacturing, efficient modeling, reactor vessel fabrication, electron beam welding, superconducting magnet structures.
Microbial fuel cells are very promising as renewable energy sources. They are based on the direct conversion of organic or inorganic materials to electricity by utilizing microorganisms as catalysts. These cells are well suited for applications that require only low power, e.g. ultracapacitors, toys, electronic gadgets, meteorological buoys, remote sensors, digital wristwatches, smartphones and hardware in space and robots. In addition to electricity generation, microbial fuel cells can be used for wastewater treatment, desalination and biofuel production. The book addresses characterization techniques and operating conditions of microbial fuel cells, as well as the usefulness of various types of anode and cathode materials.
Bonding by Self-Propagating Reaction represents a highly promising approach for the joining of dissimilar materials in such fields as microelectronics, infrared sensors, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), aerospace and nuclear industries, and surface engineering for chemical, mechanical and microsystems applications. The technique leads to high bonding strengths and low rates of damage on substrates. Another advantage is that it does not require high processing temperatures. The book is based on 251 original resources and includes their direct web link for in-depth reading.
Topological semimetals are quantum materials that are not only extremely interesting from a theoretical point of view but also have a great potential for technological applications in which superconducting, semiconducting and other semimetal behaviors are involved. Specific applications include quantum computing, fabricating superconducting microstructures, environmental 'harvesting' of energies which would otherwise go to waste immediately as heat, and fabricating topological quantum devices on industrial-scales. The book references 307 original resources and includes their direct web link for in-depth reading.
This book presents recent developments in the field of biosensors and their applications in healthcare. Topics include aptasensors for the detection of environmental contaminants, disease-causing pathogens, molecularly imprinted polymers for the detection of genetic materials, infectious diseases, in vivo monitoring of key molecules, functional nanoparticles targeted to specific tumor cells for detection as well as imaging.
The book explores industrial applications of green solvents in industrially important areas such as oil extraction, sensors and biosensors, CO2 capture, lignocellulosic biomass utilization, bio-based chemicals and their application in catalysis, electrochemical devices, purification of pharmaceuticals, organic synthesis and transformations, bio-lubricant additives, aluminum and aluminum-alloy production. The solvents covered include water, ionic liquids, supercritical carbon dioxide and glycerol. Keywords: Green Chemistry, Green Solvents, Ionic Liquids, Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Glycerol, Biosensors, CO2 Capture, Lignocellulosic Biomass Utilization, Bio-based Chemicals, Electrochemical Devices, Chromatographic Purification of Pharmaceuticals, Bio-lubricant Additives, Green Electrolytes for Aluminum Production, Green Electrolytes for Aluminum-Alloy Production, Green Solvents for Oil Extraction.
The book reviews the Hall-Petch law, one of the most useful equations of materials science, and the reverse or inverse Hall-Petch relation, which is particular important for controlling the strength of nanocrystalline materials. Theoretical models, experimental data and practical aspects are discussed, making reference to a total of 396 original resources with their direct web link for in-depth reading.
The book presents the papers presented at the 6th international conference on Explosion, Shock Wave and High Strain-Rate Phenomena (ESHP). Topics covered include: Advanced Manufacturing under Impact/Shock Loading, Detonation of High Pressure Flammable Gas in Closed Spaces, High Strain-Rate Behaviour of Auxetic Cellular Structures, Underwater Shock Waves Generation, Magnetic Pressure Welding of Aluminum Sheets, Shock Synthesis of Zirconium Oxides, Impact Joining of Dissimilar Metals, High-Speed Oblique Collision of Metals, Dynamic Behavior of Dislocation Wall Structures, Tensile Strength of Rock at High Strain Rates, Fiber Reinforced Mortar, Impact Analysis of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer, Explosive Welding , Underwater Explosive Welding , Making Ultrafine Explosives, Aluminum-Steel Explosive Cladding, Explosively Cladded Aluminum Hybrid Composites, Explosive Clads with Interlayers.
This is the very first book on the highly promising topic of MXenes; focusing on their fundamental characteristics and properties, fabrication techniques and applications. MXenes are two-dimensional materials consisting of few atoms thick layers of transition metal carbides or nitrides. These are characterized by high electrical conductivity, good hydrophilicity, chemical stability, and ultrathin 2D sheet-like morphology. Applications in the energy, environmental, biomedical and electronic industries include catalysis, membrane separation, supercapacitors, hybrid-ion capacitors, batteries, flexible electronics, hydrogen storage, nanoelectronics, and sensors.
The book presents some of the latest experimental achievements in the mechanics of solids, machine design, mechanical engineering, biomechanics, composites, adhesive joints, laminates, coating techniques, bridge joints, data analysis, fatigue cracks, cyclic properties of metals, vibrational control systems etc.
Green chemistry aims at reducing pollution and avoiding hazardous waste in the environment, as well as in a number of industrial applications, including chemical, pharmaceutical, paint and leather industries. The book focuses on new applications of green solvents (water, ionic liquids, supercritical carbon dioxide, terpenes) in such areas as chemical synthesis (including lipase-catalyzed reactions, organic synthesis, esterification reactions), gas separation membranes, environment-friendly products, low energy requirement processes and alternatives to hazardous substances.
Composites based on Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have exceptional physical and chemical properties and offer a great number of advanced applications in such fields as energy storage, energy conversion by catalysis, sensors for environmental applications, environment safety and industrial wastewater treatments. They also have interesting medical applications, such as encapsulation of enzymes. The present book covers design, synthesis and preparation of various MOFs, as well as the resulting product characteristics: homogenous morphology, small size dispersion, high thermal stability and desired surface area.
Mechanochromism (or piezochromism) refers to the emission of radiation as a result of the stressing, deforming or breaking of solids. The great current interest in these processes is due to the immense potential for monitoring and recording stresses, wear and fracture. There is, for instance, the possibility of turning such materials into optical pressuresensors and structural damage sensors. Mechanochromic polymers, for example, could visually signal sub-micron damage and failure long before macroscopic cracks became detectable. The range of such high-tech applications is almost unlimited. The book references 325 original resources and includes their direct web link for in-depth reading.
Palm by-products represent an economical resource for the sustainable development of rural areas in many countries of the world. The book focuses on the utilization of palm by-products in the following areas: Wood Alternatives and Panels, Sustainable Energy and Fertilizers, Bio-Composites, Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Fiber, Paper, and Textile, Food Applications, Design and Architecture.
Alcohol fuel cells are very attractive as power sources for mobile and portable applications. As they convert the chemical energy of fuels into electricity, much recent research is directed at developing suitable and efficient catalysts for the process. The present book focuses on pertinent types of nanomaterial-based catalysts, membranes and supports.
The book presents recent advances in the following fields: Theoretical aspects, characterization and applications of powder and PM products. New developments in powder production and processing. Functional Materials. Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies. Health, Safety and Environmental Aspects of Particulates. All papers have been peer-reviewed.
All you need to know on current progress in the development, design and utilization of carbonaceous materials in such diverse areas as electronics, medical implants, drug delivery, clean energy, biofuel and pollution control. Emphasis is placed on "engineered carbons" which include fullerenes, graphene, carbon foam, nanotubes, graphene oxide, carbon aerogels, carbon matrix composites, reinforced polymers and many others.For example, ceramic composites and polymer composites with a carbon matrix represent advanced building materials and are important for moisture resistant walls and paints. Carbon nanotubes, conducting polymers and graphene based materials play a great role in energy storage in form of electrodes for batteries and supercapacitors. Carbon based materials are both used as sources as well as catalysts for bio-fuel production. Biochar can be utilized for soil enrichment and greenhouse gas sequestration and climate control applications. Graphene is extensively used in electronics and bio-medical applications. Graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and graphitic carbon nitride are used as photocatalysts for hydrogen production and contaminants degradation.
The book presents selected, peer reviewed papers from the 3rd International Conference on "Shape Memory Alloys" (SMA 2018). Covered are: Physical, mechanical and functional properties of shape memory alloys. Structure and martensitic phase transformations. Theory and mathematical modelling. Materials design and calculations of functional properties. Design, synthesis and functional properties of novel materials. Manufacturing technology and applications of shape memory alloys.
Enzymatic biofuel cells, in contrast to conventional energy systems, use enzymes as catalysts for the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy. These enzymes can also catalyze fuels such as sucrose, fructose and glucose. In addition to their use as catalysts, they are biocompatible in nature. Due to this fact, enzymatic biofuel cells have many interesting applications, such as implantable gadgets (biosensors, pacemakers, catheters, defibrillators, insulin pumps, self-controlled artificial muscles etc.). The book presents various aspects of biofuel cells including fuel cell electrochemistry, use of enzyme and enzyme immobilization techniques, use of materials such as mesoporous materials, graphene composites, conducting polymer composites and applications of biofuel cells.
The book presents a complete overview on the topic of Transient Liquid Phase Bonding (TLPB) which has many high-tech applications, ranging from the production and repair of turbine engines in the aerospace industry, to nuclear power plants and the connection of circuit lines in the microelectronics industry. The TLPB process and its specific applications are presented in great detail: Self-Bonding of Pure Materials; Bonding Different Pure Materials; Self-Bonding of Composites; Self-Bonding of Simple Alloys; Self-Bonding of Complex Alloys; Bonding Same-Base Alloys; Bonding Different-Base Alloys; Bonding Ceramics to Ceramics; Bonding Ceramics to Metals. The book references 483 original resources and includes their direct web link for in-depth reading.
The book presents new research in the area of biobased "green composites". Biobased materials involve renewable agricultural and forestry feedstocks, including wood, agricultural waste, grasses and natural plant fibers. These lignocellulosic materials are composed mainly of carbohydrates such as sugar and lignin, cellulose, vegetable oils and proteins. Much research is concerned with renewable materials such as bamboo, vegetable ¿bers, soil composites and recycled materials such as rice husk ash and sugar cane ash. The general aim here is to use renewable and non-polluting materials in ways that offer a high degree of sustainability and preserve the remaining natural resources for future generations.
This compendium reports fundamental science and engineering advances of the US Army Research Labratory (ARL) within the area of Energy and Power technologies. Although, in general, ARL's Materials Research encompasses a broad range of materials technologies (e.g.: Photonics, Electronics, Biological and Bio-inspired Materials, Structural Materials, High Strain and Ballistic Materials, and Manufacturing Science), this publication specifically addresses selected energy and power material related work at ARL. While this work includes electrochemical energy storage (batteries and capacitors) and electrochemical energy conversion (fuel cells, photoelectrochemistry, and photochemistry), special emphasis is given on electrochemical energy storage: • Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS): Power density, efficiency, and robustness of motors, generators, and actuators while also reducing their life cycle costs. • Energy Storage: Electrical and electrochemical energy storage devices to decrease device size, weight, and cost as well as increase their capabilities in extreme temperatures and operating conditions. • Power Control and Distribution: Tactical, deployable power systems using conventional fuels, alternative fuels, and energy harvested from renewable/ambient sources. • Power Generation/Energy Conversion: Smart energy networks for platforms, forward operating bases, and facilities using modeling and simulation tools as well as new, greater capability and efficiency components. • Thermal Transport and Control: Heat and higher power density systems, advanced components, system modeling, and adaptive or hybrid-cycle technologies.Keywords Electrochemical Energy Storage, Batteries, Capacitors, Electrochemical Energy Conversion, Fuel Cells, Photoelectrochemistry, Photochemistry, High Voltage Electrolytes, Li-ion Batteries, Li-ion Chemistry, Lithium-Sulphur Batteries, Nuclear Metastables, Pyroelectric Energy Conversion, Charged Quantum Dots, High-Efficiency Photovoltaics, IR Sensing, GaN Power Schottky Diodes, Threshold-Voltage Instability, Reliability Testing, SiC MOSFETs, Power Electronics Packaging, High Voltage 4H-SiC GTOs, Silicon Carbide, Avalanche Breakdown Diode, SiC PiN Diodes, Thyristor Protection, Compact DC-DC Battery Chargers
All you want to know about Rhenium disulfide in an easy to read condensed format. Rhenium disulfide, especially in low-dimensional form, is a subject of lively research into its electronic and optical properties. The field of twodimensional materials such as graphene and its analogues has been growing very rapidly. This class of materials also includes rhenium disulfide and rhenium diselenide, which belong to the transition-metal dichalcogenide family. Due to their reduced crystal symmetry, they exhibit distinct electrical and optical characteristics along certain in-plane crystal directions. The group-VI members such as molybdenum and tungsten are the most typical ones, but group-VII rhenium disulfide has been attracting most attention of late because of its unusual structural, electro-optical and chemical properties; especially an indirect-to-direct band-gap transition which occurs when thinned down from bulk to monolayer. The group-VI transition-metal dichalcogenides have a 1H, 2H, 3R or 1T structure, whereas ReS2 has a distorted 1T structure which imparts an in-plane anisotropy to its physical properties. Few other materials (black phosphorus, ReSe2, TiS3, ZrS3) exhibit such an in-plane structural anisotropy. This makes ReS2 unique among the transition-metal chalcogenides. Atomically thin rhenium disulphide is characterized by weak interlayer coupling and a distorted 1T structure, which leads to the anisotropy in optical and electrical properties. It also possesses structural and vibrational anisotropy, layer-independent electrical and optical properties and metal-free magnetism. In these respects, it differs from group-VI transition-metal dichalcogenides such as MoS2, MoSe2, WS2 and WSe2. It is already being used in solid-state electronics, catalysis, energy storage and energy-harvesting applications.
Thin phosphate coatings are very attractive technologically; in terms of reliability, manufacturing cost and environmental impact. For one thing, the book presents research aimed at obtaining thin phosphate layers that offer good corrosion protection of finished parts. The other aim was to develop techniques that result in coatings with good lubricating properties, as they are required in plastic deformation processing. Presented are alternatives to obtain and characterize phosphate layers by means of the co-precipitation of cations and surfactants in acidic aqueous solutions; resulting in the production of dendritic structures with optimal chemical, physical-structural and mechanical properties. Decisive here are the processes of nucleation and the formation of compact layers that are uniform and well adherent to the substrate. Another general aim was the development of phosphating technologies with high reliability, minimal use of materials and energy and with minimal impact on the environment and operator.
The European Conference on Residual Stresses (ECRS) series is the leading European forum for scientific exchange on internal and residual stresses in materials. It addresses both academic and industrial experts and covers a broad gamut of stress-related topics from instrumentation via experimental and modelling methodology up to stress problems in specific processes such as welding or shot-peening, and their impact on materials properties. Chapters: Diffraction Methods; Mechanical Relaxation Methods; Acoustic and Electromagnetic Methods; Composites, Nano and Microstructures; Films, Coatings and Oxides; Cold Working and Machining; Heat Treatments and Phase Transformations; Welding, Fatigue and Fracture: Stresses in Additive Manufacturing.
The rapidly advancing Silicon Carbide technology has a great potential in high temperature and high frequency electronics. High thermal stability and outstanding chemical inertness make SiC an excellent material for high-power, low-loss semiconductor devices. The present volume presents the state of the art of SiC device fabrication and characterization. Topics covered include: SiC surface cleaning and etching techniques; electrical characterization methods and processing of ohmic contacts to silicon carbide; analysis of contact resistivity dependence on material properties; limitations and accuracy of contact resistivity measurements; ohmic contact fabrication and test structure design; overview of different metallization schemes and processing technologies; thermal stability of ohmic contacts to SiC, their protection and compatibility with device processing; Schottky contacts to SiC; Schottky barrier formation; Schottky barrier inhomogeneity in SiC materials; technology and design of 4H-SiC Schottky and Junction Barrier Schottky diodes; Si/SiC heterojunction diodes; applications of SiC Schottky diodes in power electronics and temperature/light sensors; high power SiC unipolar and bipolar switching devices; different types of SiC devices including material and technology constraints on device performance; applications in the area of metal contacts to silicon carbide; status and prospects of SiC power devices.
Characterization, design, specific properties and applications of thermoset composites are reported. These composites are presently in high demand because they can be shaped into many-sided segments and structures, and can have a great variety of densities and special physical and mechanical properties. The research reported includes: Energy absorption of fiber reinforced composites; automotive crashworthiness; lignocellulosic composites; hybrid bast fiber reinforced composites; nano-carbon/polymer composites; electromagnetic shielding; structural mechanical applications; electromagnetic field emission applications, conductive composites; epoxy composites for structural purposes; tribological performance of polymeric composites.
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