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Cambridge scholar and political philosopher John Neville Figgis examines how ideas concerning politics and religion changed during the Renaissance.Drawing on a range of pertinent texts from a period spanning over two centuries, Figgis examines how some of the finest scholars of the Renaissance era established and refined their ideas. In the earlier part of the period, politics was deeply intertwined with the Catholic Church and the authority of the Pope. Later on, the upheaval of the Reformation resulted in a dramatic surge of ideas, changing forever how the rule of a given monarch was connected with Christendom.By the 17th century, the controversial notion of the divine, God-given right of kings to rule had emerged. As Figgis recalls, the notion met with opposition and eventual revolt in the Netherlands; the deposing of the Dutch monarch sent shockwaves through Europe, and foresaw the beginnings of the Enlightenment era.The author's analysis is thorough and well-sourced, with sources such as Martin Luther, Gerson, Grotius, Machiavelli as well as a multitude of lesser-known scholars consulted. What results is an engrossing narrative, tracing the origins of Europe's religious, political and monarchic crises to ideas expounded by various thinkers. The gradual shifts of authority from the centralized church, to the monarch, and finally to the proto-Republican movements of nations, are shown to be rooted in scholarly ideas.

Tales of Languedoc is a collection of folk stories from southern France; set during the late Middle Ages and retold in modern English, the author takes effort to be faithful and accurate to the original tales.The color and cultural vibrance of rural France is reflected in the stories, as is the countryside of Languedoc; a region which is today part of Occitanie. We witness the knightly and noble classes of France vying for superiority and popular renown in the region through contests of might or bravery. The toppling of the unjust, whereby young heroes rise from obscurity against the odds, is a popular recurring theme in these stories of yore.Steeped in heroism, the stories are part of a single long narrative in which the author's grandfather - a seasoned traveler experienced with all of France - reveals local legends. Vignettes of the old France, a country both fertile and rugged where most travel was upon horseback or on foot, set the scene. A succession of heroes and villains are revealed in this landscape; feats of physical prowess, sheer good fortune, and the efforts of companions contribute to the adventures that unfold.As European folklore, the Tales of Languedoc are underappreciated - illustrated with over thirty drawings by Ernest C. Peixotto, this reprinting is of high quality.

Grace King's stories offer vivid glimpses into Louisiana's heritage, set in the rural bayou and the lively French Quarter of New Orleans.Born to a prominent family in New Orleans, Grace King nevertheless experienced hardship in the years following the American Civil War. Her character's in these lively stories range from the impoverished to the wealthy and distinguished; the full social strata of Louisiana are depicted as it was in the mid-19th century. With the state's French heritage comes outpourings of patriotism and recollections of Napoleon's glory, while Christian adherence underpins much of the society.Bayou L'Ombre is a story notable for its autobiographical elements and setting during the U.S. Civil War. The confusion and chaos of the time serves as a backdrop to the dramas unfolding in the marshy districts around the family sugar plantation. The occupying federal forces, and rumors of fighting somewhere off in territory further north convey tension, drama and uncertainty - though Grace King was but a girl at the time, her memories of this fraught era were lifelong.In all, Tales of a Time and Place carries historical value; the distant past of Louisiana, its lively ethnic diaspora, its diversity and traditions, and the clashes residents endured - both cultural and military - make for engrossing fiction.

Margaret Gatty's parables celebrate the natural world and provision life guidance: wise and attentive, their moral lessons are valuable for persons of all ages.Many of the stories within contain memorable and commonsense examples of acting the right way. Using the beauty of nature as a medium for expression, the author demonstrates the importance of good conduct and living a life by firm principles. While the teachings are simple to grasp, the author lavishes her stories with expressive language and vocabulary, which serves to make the narrations easier to recall, while offering a challenge for younger readers eager to improve their English skills.Unconstrained by preconceived notions of teaching, Margaret Gatty's fullest talents and instinctive abilities are displayed in these parables. Not content merely with dispensing lessons, the author wants readers to think and appreciate the greatness of the outdoors and the majesty of nature. An overarching lesson in most of these tales is having respect and taking joy in the Earth in which we are born.Born in England in 1809, Margaret Gatty realized her interests in both writing and the natural world from a young age. In adulthood, she was a notable contributor in the field of marine biology - in the modern day, it is for these parables that she is best remembered.

In this manual of Christian faith, Scottish minister and author Horatius Bonar investigates the words of God with respect to humanity and the human condition.Throughout the Bible, God's words are relayed by messengers and prophets. In the various dialogues received from the Lord, the views of the divine regarding His creation mankind are revealed. It is through these descriptions that Horatius Bonar commences his investigation of God's correspondences with man; gradually, the character of the Lord is revealed, and his intentions and purposes for humanity unveiled.The event which most richly demonstrates God's connection with human beings is the birth and life of Jesus Christ. Bonar notes the significance of the blood shed by Jesus is connected with the blood shed by Abel during the Book of Genesis. Furthermore the teachings and sermons of Christ reveal much about God's views on mankind and its destiny. The importance of man acknowledging his own fallibility and flaws - of discarding his insensibility - is expounded upon.Overall, Horatius Bonar presents an impressive primer on what Christianity means in the context of the Creator and man's place on the Earthly plane.

With informed readings of scripture, Horatius Bonar discusses the teachings central to Christianity, and the good Christian's relationship to the divine.Various topics are covered in this book's chapters, such as the importance of strengthening the soul to guard against sin, the symbolism and holy power of the crucifix, and how Christ's spirit dwells within Christians, lending support and resolution through times of hardship. What holiness is, and its ancient origins in mankind's interactions with the Lord and his messengers, is detailedThroughout this study, Horatius Bonar's scholarship is in the fullest evidence. Definitive and emphatic in his guidance, the words are delivered straightforwardly, with little dwelling on the obscure. Primarily through the use of the New Testament scripture, the author seeks to confer an understanding of Christian principles and the veneration of God. Particular attention is paid to the book of Romans, with the interpretations of the Apostle Paul taken as a foremost source of clarity.Though the author was primarily known in life for his hymn writing, in manuals such as these his depth of Biblical knowledge is evident. Working as a minister in the Church of Scotland for several decades, Bonar's scholarly activities were acknowledged with an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree issued by the University of Aberdeen.

The philosophical thoughts of Emperor Marcus Aurelius are presented here in a superb reprint, brimming with the intellect and sincerity of the author.Known for his tolerance and benevolence, Marcus Aurelius was the only Emperor to tolerate satire of his own character. As a ruler he was renowned for sound judgment, respected for both his military successes and for his wise, measured governance. Such deeds were derived from his education; a lifelong admirer of the Greek philosophers, Aurelius developed his own, unique interpretation of Stoicism which is encapsulated in this text.Though Aurelius was the final of the 'Five Good Emperors', the precepts of his Meditations would be consulted by rulers - Roman and otherwise - for millennia to follow. While Rome experienced decline and chaos, its historians and scholars remembered Marcus Aurelius as a pinnacle of competence. A man experienced in inspiring leadership in battle, Aurelius was justly considered a fountain for sound advice: how to compose oneself and judge how to act, how to practice and lead a life of virtue and contentment, and how to treat others in an even-handed yet inspiring manner are but a few of the tenets at hand.This edition of the Meditations features the much-respected translation by scholar of classics George Long.

Notable in the Presbyterian tradition, Benjamin B. Warfield's sermons on the history and significance of Jesus Christ as Lord and Saviour are as lively, informed and embracing today as ever.Delivered in the closing years of the 19th century, these lectures are unflinching in their accuracy and frankness: not a man to mince words or bluster, Warfield tells us who Jesus was and what He meant for the faithful of the world. The undoubted accomplishments of Christ, and his sacrifice for the sake of mankind, are detailed with the authoritative quotation of scripture. Warfield was a conservative even in his time: revivalism, which the author felt to be a distraction from the core teachings of Christ, has no presence in this work.For readers seeking a classic perspective on the life of Christ, this book is one which confronts the topics at hand with boldness. For years, Warfield ran the Princeton Theological Seminary, an institution which to this day is influential in educating those who will become Presbyterian ministers. The preacher's forthright tone of captivation is prevalent throughout, supported by scriptural citations and the emphatic manner in which Warfield - a famously assertive scholar - delivers truths about Jesus.

Sydney G. Fisher describes the arrival and settlement of the Quaker denomination in colonial North America during the 17th and 18th centuries.The initial chapter of Fisher's work is enmeshed with the establishment of the Quaker movement within the United Kingdom. Formed in opposition to the Puritan ideas, Quakerism formed in the wake of the chaos of the English Civil War. At the same time, colonists were encouraged to travel to North America, that Britain's holdings be expanded in size and the new continent's great wealth be enjoyed by the settlers and the wider Empire.Second only to the Puritans in terms of number, many Quakers departed England after suffering persecution - eager for a fresh start, it was thus that thousands acted to bolster the settlements of Philadelphia, New Jersey as well as smaller towns on the Delaware river. They became successful traders and planters, and the presence of the Society of Friends in the modern cities is clear to behold to this day. The cover photograph of this edition is of a Quaker almshouse in Philadelphia, built in 1713.A clearly written and easily digested history, Fisher wrote to entertain and inform ordinary Americans seeking to know about their nation's colonial history.

These daily meditations on Christian belief take the form of Bible quotations and discussions; one for the morning, and one for the evening of each day.A great companion for ordinary believers throughout the year, this book's intention is to offer spiritual guidance and comfort to followers of God who count among the laboring poor. In the 19th century, tough physical labor performed under grueling conditions was common - the long hours demanded by such toil meant that many Christians, though genuine of faith, simply lacked the time for spiritual contemplation. It is for these neglected faithful that Robert Hawker created this book.Each morning and evening portion contains between 150 and 600 words; the size of a newspaper article or bulletin. The lessons and thought offered are to-the-point, teaching about a given Bible phrase, psalm, or proverb. Every nugget of spiritual wisdom is prefaced with a Biblical quotation that directly pertains to the author's explanations and instruction.Robert Hawker was a minister in Plymouth, England in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. His public preaching and writings made him one of the best-known and appreciated men of God in his region, and he was among the first churchmen to advance the notion of Sunday School. The plight of the local poor saw Hawker engage in many causes; overseeing funds to support locals who were hungry or destitute, as well as women who had fallen into vice.

The Parousia is a New Testament commentary by James Stuart Russell, wherein the authority attempts to clarify and explain aspects of prophecy explained in the Gospels and elsewhere in the NT.The term 'Parousia' is derived from a Greek word meaning simply, 'a coming' or 'a presence'. In the context of the Bible and Christianity, it refers to the return of Jesus Christ as a core prophecy of the New Testament scripture. It is by investigating all of this material that James Russell seeks to make clear what exactly the Bible predicts and what specifically believers may expect in the future, and what aspects of the prophecy have already occurred in the distant past.Exhaustively researched and painstakingly compiled, Russell's thesis is lengthy and split into three parts: firstly, he analyses the four Gospels of Christ, secondly, he examines the Acts of the Apostles, and lastly, he looks at the Book of Revelation and the visions therein. No detail is spared from the author's learned gaze, with aspects of the Bible lore clarified and explained. For his part, Russell believed that most aspects of the Bible prophecy have already been fulfilled in history - only certain passages of Revelation have not yet corresponded to real world events.Quoting and narrating the Biblical passages at length, Russell efforts to clarify are not in vain - at the time this work was first published in the 1870s, then edited and republished in the 1880s, the reaction was one of praise. Christians, for whom the Bible's words and ideas had hitherto been a mystery, at last had a book to consult whose wisdom was soundly supported by the very words of the Holy Bible. It is thus with a measure of joy that the publisher presents this new reprint, which unites all three parts of Russell's work in one volume.

"Have any healing miracles taken place since the Biblical era?" is the central question of this thesis by theologian and preacher A. J. Gordon.The author expresses curiosity about whether the miracles of the Middle Ages and later can be relied and verified as a continuation of Christ's spirit in the Christian church. Through deep study and inquiry of the established history, he concludes that the power to heal followers remains with the church - there was no special era of miracle working; God and His powers remain the same in the modern era, as they have right through human history.Although other scholars assert that miracles are something solely of Christ, the disagreement of A. J. Gordon and others represents a split in theological scholarship. For the author, God's intervention in the suffering and sickness of His followers his frequent; the will of the Lord however is variable - He will not prolong the pain of someone whose illness is too great.Throughout this text, A. J. Gordon makes his argument from a Biblical perspective, citing passages of the Old and New Testament with authority. Quoting testimonies of believers across the ages, he offers a convincing argument that the church ministry is to this day one of healing.

The Mabinogion consists of the earliest prose literature in Great Britain, the manuscripts of which originate in 12th century Welsh, with some dating earlier, to the oral tradition of the Middle Ages.Many of the stories in the Mabinogion would become famous anew thanks to the efforts of the translator. Rendered in modern English, the narratives of an era long departed reflect the time - events such as war, the idea of chivalric romance, and the prevalence of sorcery and mystical goings on are common devices in the stories. Much of what is here was passed onto other, later authors - the notion of the Medieval era as one laden with strange beasts, magic, and valiant combat originates with tales like those in the Mabinogion.This edition of the ancient stories was translated by Lady Charlotte Guest, an English aristocrat who was most famous for this work. Accomplished with languages from a young age, she gathered from obscure archives the manuscripts, arranged and presented them in modern English to an audience hitherto unfamiliar with the stories in their original form. Attentive readers will notice inspirations and similarities with English romances and other lore, but also the unique and distinct Welsh culture.Appended to this reprint are Guest's original notes, plus the verses of the Taliesin which is the book's concluding story. In all, this collection offers a sublime window to Welsh culture and folklore.

This book is an anonymously written biography of Saint Philomena, a young consecrated virgin whose remains were discovered in Italy in 1802.The name Philomena means 'daughter of light'; this led to the appreciation of the young girl's bones as an artifact of Christian Rome. The significance of her life and deeds, plus the various miracles which were purported to have occurred in proximity to her bones, such as the multiplication and distribution of her bone dust to many onlookers, led to calls for her to be sainted. Decades after the initial discovery, the girl was witnessed in a vision experienced by a Greek nun, who said she was a holy princess and daughter of the Roman Emperor Diocletian.The significance of Saint Philomena became known throughout the Catholic world, and her tomb and church became local landmarks in provincial Italy. To this day, the sites associated with her are attractions for Christian pilgrims and other visitors, curious to know of the significance of the holy remains.This book was anonymously published and distributed in the mid-19th century; it chronicles the discovery of Philomena's bones, the subsequent apparition of their significance, and other associated events. The various devotional practices that developed are also catalogued, with a selection of prayers and hymns written and dedicated to St. Philomena also appended.

Adventurer, merchant and mapper of the New World, Amerigo Vespucci's life is fascinating and vivid - his letters, published here in full, reveal his discoveries.Born in Florence in the mid-15th century, Vespucci expressed an interest in the newly-discovered lands across the Atlantic Ocean from an early age. Educated by his uncle, a learned Dominican friar, it was in youth that Vespucci displayed a talent for money matters and mathematics - this gift for figures would pay dividends during his later sea expeditions, which saw him draw many of the first maps ever made of the coastline of South America.This book does not merely contain Vespucci's own writings, but also the letters of other authors who refer to him and his accomplishments. Christopher Columbus had praise for Vespucci's competence, while he is alluded to multiple times in the writings of historian Bartolome de las Casas. The compiler, annotator and translator of these relevant correspondences is Clements R. Markham, who is keen to reveal the character and deeds that underpin Amerigo Vespucci's reputation as a great explorer.As a gateway into the exploratory and navigational events accompanying the Italian Renaissance, this book is superb. All of Markham's original notes and scholarly references are included, being appended to the conclusion of the book.

C. L. Johnstone offers here a history of Scotland's noble families through the centuries, noting how they shaped the history and politics of the nation. This edition includes all the illustrations of the ruins that were once their seats of power, and the family trees.A detailed and intensive examination of the family ties which bound Scottish communities together and strengthened the country's resolve against England during periods of enmity or war, this book discusses the various noble houses in detail. Their evolution through the centuries - the rise of some to prominence, the fall of others to obscurity - is in many ways the story of Scotland as a nation state with its own identity and culture.The Medieval era of the Scottish nobility is dominated by the Bruces, a family of which Robert the Bruce is the most famous. As the Middle Ages concludes, other houses such as the Stuarts and the Grahames rose to the fore, and with James VI of Scotland becoming James I of England, it seemed for a time that the two countries would enjoy a lasting, close bond. Such optimism was to be short-lived: following the English Civil War and the deposing of Charles II, Scotland felt neglected and angry at the English, who had enacted laws regarding the borders.The border wars between Scotland and England are the later focus of this book; taking place in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, the Jacobite rebellion embroiled several of Scotland's longstanding noble houses in conflict. To date, this uprising is the latest war to have been fought upon the British Isles; for a time, the Jacobeans looked as they might not only repel the English entirely from the northerly reaches with their mastery of an early form of guerilla warfare, but also conquer portions of England.

Horatio Dresser discusses the things which matter in life - our beliefs, our conduct and deeds, our sense of self and the nature of the physical world around us.As a leading figure in the New Thought religious system, Dresser was experienced with describing the various aspects of life that carry importance in the spiritual context. He broadens the usual discussions of belief in God and faith in Jesus to philosophical topics such the human appreciation for beauty and the notion of fate. How people can use silence to attune and contemplate their beliefs, and how a person's health benefits from such thoughts, is discussed.The author also explains how humans can alter their will in order to secure a better and more contented life, and achieve their desires in a manner which is spiritually and mentally beneficial. This process is gradual, and involves changing habits in how we think and act - the rewards however are substantial. Various routes to such a happy end are detailed; practices such as asceticism and concluding fear being listed as methods.Overall, The Heart of It is a fine introduction and primer on the New Thought spiritual movement, giving readers a taste of its philosophic and spiritual aspects.

This commentary by preacher and theologian G. Campbell Morgan explains Paul's epistle to the Romans, and how man's salvation is to be found through Jesus Christ.Informed by his scholarship in the Biblical lore, Morgan presents here a convincing and authoritative account of Paul's writing in the context of Christian history. The multifaceted message of Paul is one of great significance - recognizing this, Morgan efforts to do justice to every theme and aspect of relevant discussion. Combining a knowledge of Christian theology and doctrine with the biographical coverage of Paul the Apostle's life and activities, the reader is certain to find this commentary illuminating.Within the Epistle is not merely a declaration of Christ's significance, but explanations of the Christian creed and how the life of a faithful person should be lived. Given that such details emerged early in the history of Christianity, the Pauline epistle to the Romans is a window to the early history and development of the religion. As one of the earliest dated Christian texts of the New Testament - scholars place its authorship between A.D. 51 and 56 - we receive insights into how the beliefs developed.In all, G. Campbell Morgan delivers here a competent, informative and respectful narration of one of Christianity's most significant texts.

G. Campbell Morgan offers his perspective on the life and actions of Jesus Christ, placing his character in the context of man's relationship with the Lord God.An all-embracing account of the life of Jesus, we are taken chronologically through the existence of the Christ. The circumstances of his birth, his 'hidden years' as a youth in Nazareth, his baptism and the temptation he faced in the desert, and the success of his sermons in ancient Judea. His conviction and crucifixion by the Roman occupiers are detailed, as is the Resurrection and finally the Ascension of Jesus to the heavenly realms.All along the way, G. Campbell Morgan gives us a perspective supported by the very words of scripture, demonstrating how the life and accomplishments of Jesus would influence how mankind interacts with the divine. As well as being the founder of Christianity, the sufferings and trials of Jesus would become a beacon to many - his ultimate sacrifice, dying upon a crucifix for the sake of mankind's relations with God, was an event of immense gravity.Unlike previous flawed reprints of the text, this edition has been examined and edited to the point of resembling the original publication. The reader may thus enjoy Morgan's narration to the fullest.

Prescott's history of Hernan Cortes, and his conquering of Mexico for the Spanish Empire in the 16th century, is a classic of historical literature. This edition unifies the seven books in a single volume.Drawing on sources given to him by Mexican authorities, plus existing histories of Cortes, Prescott presents an exhaustive narration of the conquest. He commences with an account of the culture of the Mayan peoples; crediting their hieroglyphic language, traditions and unique agricultural and architectural achievements. After these descriptions, we are taken to 1519 - the Mayan civilization under the rule of King Montezuma.The initial explorations of the Spanish around the Central American coastline are followed by skirmishes and hostilities. The Spanish mission rapidly turns from one of discovery to one of conquest after the conquistadors decide to keep Montezuma hostage; reinforcements are requested and arrive, as intense battles against the Mayans ensue. The religious element of the fight, wherein Christianity is introduced to the Mayan natives, is also mentioned. Finally, the climactic battle of the war - the bloody and destructive Siege of Tenochtitlan - is narrated.We also discover the personal life of Cortes, wherein his local Mayan interpreter Malinche became his longtime mistress. For exceeding his mission and supposedly underpaying the Spanish crown, Cortes's glory was jeopardized. However, the sheer success and scope of his conquests and proof to King Charles of the great revenues received led the King to bestow great honors. Mexico City was founded and built amid the ruins of Tenochtitlan, firmly establishing Spain's colonial holding.The later portions of the book cover Cortes's quelling of later disturbances and local uprisings among the conquered peoples, allowing the first European settlers to make a home in Mexico. Retiring once the hostilities has died down, the mature Cortes retained a spirit of adventure, heading an ill-fated expedition and going missing for a time in what is today northwestern Mexico and Baja. These efforts led to the initial naming of The Gulf of California as the Sea of Cortes.

The superb analyses of Charles Orr into the essential nature of Christianity and God in the world are underappreciated classics. This edition includes Orr's notes, appended at the end of each chapter.Based off a series of lectures delivered in the late 19th century, this work delves into the essential truths of the Christian character. What it means to be a follower of Christ, and how the Christian views the world around him, is but the initial foray of an author determined to unveil the meanings behind the spirituality. The place of Jesus as an exemplar to all Christians is investigated, with Orr giving us a variety of scholarly views on how the life and deeds of Christ can and are viewed by believers.Orr then broadens his examination into theism in general: the human being holding a theistic outlook upon the world is sure to derive comfort and meaning from his beliefs. The loss of this is, in the opinion of Orr and the scholars he cites, equivalent to a great misfortune. The modern trends of thought toward atheism, which deny the presence of a Creator, are investigated - Orr's inquiries reveal the negativistic elements of these views.Later lectures in this volume include a deep and penetrating analysis of sin and its occurrence in the world, beginning with a note of its persistence - moral evils and wrongdoing continue apace in the world, in spite of Christian efforts to thwart it. The author compares and contrasts the traditional methods whereby Christians view and combat sinfulness, but also finds much common ground between the judicial and philosophical attitudes to human sin. Notably, Orr observes how sin has multiplied in modern times, with knowledge of many examples travelling far and wide rather than being confined to a locality.Concluding with a look into the character of Christ and his centrality to Christianity, Orr finishes by examining the relation of the savior with humanity's destiny. The appendix appended concerns the Kingdom of God, and how the Bible defines and describes its occurrence. Finally, this volume concludes with further, long-form annotations to each lecture.

The classic of Christian ministerial thought by Charles Bridges is presented to the reader anew in this superb edition, complete with the author's annotations.For the author, the curious point that the ministry failed in many of its core duties was sufficient genesis for a book. Why did this failure occur? Had modern priests and ministers lost their way from the tradition and essence of Christian belief? Were corruptions of the heart frequent and getting commoner? These questions are answered with unflinching sincerity: humans, including the ordained, have shortfalls which can only be assuaged by opening one's heart completely to God.The later parts of the text focus upon the essential duties of the churchman: preaching with the aim of uniting the congregation and community in an unstinting belief in the Lord is not a simple matter. Rather we discover it to be a diverse practice; the preacher must not only incorporate aspects of the doctrinal and scriptural truths, but be sensitive to the emotions of his churchgoers. The virtues of faith, be it a celebration of diligence or steadfastness against adversity, should be balanced against the human needs for well-being and spiritual contentment.A further element of ministerial duty is the pastoral work in the local community. This can be appealing to the unbelievers or infidels in the locality, visiting the sick or dying and offering comfort to their family, and being a source of spiritual counsel. A ready guard against backsliding, wherein members of a community gradually renounce their beliefs in God, equates to a need of vigilance in the minister.A lifelong man of God, Bridges was educated at Queens' College, Cambridge. Graduating with honors, he entered the ministry and spent decades as a vicar in Old Newton, Suffolk and - in later life - Weymouth in Dorset. Together with his pastoral duties, he delved into the Bible and other ancient texts, becoming a theologian of great repute. Popular in his lifetime for his commentaries of scripture, the famed 19th century preacher C. H. Spurgeon declared one of Bridges' works to be "worth its weight in gold".

How can teachers effectively give religious lessons? This is the question pondered, and answered, in this Sunday School classic.A great primer on how to teach lessons on Christianity, the author seeks to show how religious virtues and principles can be taught with the use of the Socratic method. Socrates, an ancient Greek philosopher, would use long series of questions to learn, educate and teach. This procedure can be applied to Bible teachings and the life of Christ, as Joshua G. Fitch demonstrates.This guide, concise but valuable, offers a comprehensive method of educating young people in Bible events, and aspects of Christian virtue. For years after its publication, churches in England and the USA would kept copies for reference, its methods contributing to the successful education of countless thousands of young Christians over the years.Joshua Girling Fitch was a famous educator in his native England, receiving a knighthood for his services to the field. His work as a senior adviser and pioneer in teaching shaped the early public education system in Britain during the 19th century, with the syllabus and program of tutoring developed, refined and implemented by his department.

George Herbert Box discusses here a pseudepigraphic work of the Old Testament; the Apocalypse of Abraham.A prime example of the early apocalyptic literature, no copies of this document survives in Hebrew, Greek or other ancient languages. Although the original manuscript is dated to the late 1st or 2nd century AD, the only surviving manuscript today is in Slavonic script. Despite this, the age and traditional sources of the writing have sparked some interest from religious scholars.The author translates and gives his own commentary to the Apocalypse of Abraham, with hundreds of annotations of the text cross-referencing books of the Old and New Testament. In providing such an exhaustive and heavily annotated analysis, George Herbert Box seeks to prove the value and relevance of this text in the wider Judeo-Christian tradition.In spite of its origins, the Apocalypse of Abraham is considered non-canonical and of little importance in both Judaism and Christianity. However, its unique characters and narration of how the apocalypse will unfold roused new interest since the 19th century, alongside other apocryphal texts such as the Book of Jasher.