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After the first edition of this book was published, I received much positive feedback from the readers. It was very helpful to have all those comments sug- gesting improvements and corrections. In many cases, it was suggested that more aspects on quantum information would be welcome. Unfortunately, I am afraid that an attempt to cover such a broad area as quantum informa- tion theory would make this book too scattered to be helpful for educational purposes. On the other hand, ladmit that some aspects of quantum information should be discussed. The first edition already contained the so-called No- Cloning Theorem. In this edition, I have added a stronger version of the aforementioned theorem due to R. Jozsa, a variant which also covers the no-deleting principle. Moreover, in this edition, I have added some famous protocols, such as quantum teleportation. The response to the first edition strongly supports the idea that the main function of this book should be educational, and I have not included furt her aspects of quantum information theory here. For further reading, I suggest [43] by Josef Gruska and [62] by Michael A. Nielsen and Isaac L. Chuang. Chapter 1, especially Section 1.4, includes the most basic knowledge for the presentation of quantum systems relevant to quantum computation. The basic properties of quantum information are introduced in Chapter 2. This chapter also includes interesting protocols: quantum teleportation and superdense coding.

Number Theory in Science and Communication is an introduction for non-mathematicians. The book stresses intuitive understanding rather than abstract theory and highlights important concepts such as continued fractions, the golden ratio, quadratic residues and Chinese remainders, trapdoor functions, pseudoprimes and primitive elements. Their applications to problems in the real world is one of the main themes of the book. This third edition is augmented by recent advances in primes in progressions, twin primes, prime triplets, prime quadruplets and quintruplets, factoring with elliptic curves, quantum factoring, Golomb rulers and "e;baroque"e; integers.

The scope of this volume is to give to the reader a wide scenario of recent works characterized by a synergistic combination of Soft Computing area with recent trends of Distributed Artificial Intelligence and Ambient Int- ligence. We edited this book for two basic motivations: the emergence of computational intelligence as a mature and integrated science, and the power of the agent paradigm in realizing complex and distributed environments. Computational Intelligence has nowadays a mature formal theory and robust implementation experiences. Intelligent agents have shown their inner ability in acquiring data and knowledge from and performing appropriate de- sions through a functional relation that maps percepts to actions. Compu- tional Intelligence inside Agents are extremely helpful to support the designer of agent-based systems in treating with unknown or ill-defined envir- ments so to better handle knowledge representation and reasoning under these assumptions. The formulation of cooperative strategies, the linguistic aspects of the communication, the local decision versus the global kno- edge, the actions and plans as distributed viewpoints could be characterized by an incomplete knowledge and by a fragmentation of logical inter- tions, faced often by a non-monotonic reasoning. While building ¿smart¿ environments many challenges arises. The system needs to interact with its users in order to obtain feedback in a non-intrusive way. Explicit/implicit feedback is needed to take decisions in near-real time.

In 1965 Lotfi Zadeh, a professor of electrical engineering at the University of California in Berkeley, published the first of his papers on his new Fuzzy Set Theory. Since the 1980s this mathematical theory of "unsharp amounts" has been applied in many different fields with great success. The word "fuzzy" has also become very well-known among non-scientists thanks to extensive advertising campaigns for fuzzy-controlled household appliances and to their prominent presence in the media, first in Japan and then in other countries. On the other hand, the story of how Fuzzy Set Theory and its earliest applications originated remains largely unknown.In this book, the history of Fuzzy Set Theory and the ways it was first used are incorporated into the history of 20th century science and technology. Influences from philosophy, system theory and cybernetics stemming from the earliest part of the 20th century are considered alongside those of communication and control theory from mid-century.Today, Fuzzy Set Theory is the core discipline of "soft computing," and provides new impetus for research in the field of Artificial Intelligence.

This new, updated edition of Dental Pathology will assist in the recognition and diagnosis of gross dental abnormalities. Topics covered include disturbances in tooth formation, acquired dental diseases, including caries and its sequelae, periodontal disease, and odontogenic tumours. Practically applicable knowledge is provided on the histology and histopathology of the changes that are seen in diseases of the dental and periodontal tissues, and attention is also paid to the histological alterations induced by dental treatment. Compared with the first edition, ca. 50% more illustrations are included and more information is provided on diagnostically difficult cases. This work will be an invaluable companion for dental practitioners who need to make diagnoses in such cases and will also be of value for surgical pathologists, clinical geneticists, and oral and maxillofacial surgeons.