Bücher veröffentlicht von Springer London

This little book has been written primarily for the senior house officer in Accident and Emergency and the registrar pursuing a career in the specialty. I hope also that it will be of interest to medical students. Thanks to the initiative of Professor Miles Irving, Professor of Surgery, University of Manchester, medical students have been taught Accident and Emergency in Hope Hospital since 1974. Many of the answers to the questions here have been elaborated as a result of their enquiring minds. It has been a pleasure to teach them. MCQs should be informative and entertaining and not regarded as a tiresome chore merely because of self- assessment scoring. I have omitted the boxes and the "e;don't know"e; response. The answers are either true or false. I have attempted to slot the questions into various sections with some degree of sequence, but there is an inevitable overlap particularly with regard to the sections on the unresponsive patient, poisoning and injury. The final section is a selected mixture of Accident and Emergency and I thought "e;Pot- pourri"e; an appropriate title. I have enjoyed compiling the questions and I hope that both undergraduates and postgraduates will find reading them a painless and worthwhile exercise. Finally my thanks are due to my secretary Eileen Bates for her typing and patience.

"e;Conclusions are usually considered guesses"e; Henry S. Haskins, American writer in Meditations in Wall Street Students' minds, whether undergraduate or postgraduate, soon become stale when faced with lectures or even not so large textbooks. Supplementing lecture notes and textbooks with multiple-choice questions, therefore, attunes the mind to this style of examination which the student will certainly meet and yet also relieves the tedium and monotony of the conventional learning route. This multiple-choice textbook, therefore, should be used side by side with lecture notes, textbooks and clinical teaching material. The book covers a wide field of genitourinary medicine. This necessarily overlaps with general medicine, urology, bacteriology, virology, psychiatry, sexual medicine, im- munology and proctology. With regard to immunology, a basic set of teaching questions are included so that HIV disease may be more easily understood without recourse to immunology textbooks. The answers to the questions are not given in a uniform style. This is partly to relieve monotony, and partly because some questions need no explanation, others need a prose answer and yet others are best answered by a point-by-point explanation. We also provide references for those interested. There is some overlap between questions but only enough, we hope, to facilitate learning but not produce somnolence.

Respiratory Disease, the latest volume in the "e;Treatment in Clinical Medicine"e; series, is in two parts: the first reviews the background to each of the main respiratory diseases with particular emphasis on management and treatment. The second reviews the main drugs used in respiratory practice in more detail and combines a pharmacological appraisal with a more personal assessment of their role and value in treatment. Practical aspects of management are emphasised. Where uncertainty exists the authors have described their own practice. The book aims to fill the gap which exists between textbooks of respiratory medicine, where there is often insufficient space to cover treatment in detail, and pharmacological textbooks, which are not concerned with practical management problems. It is intended for respiratory physicians, general physicians and senior medical students, and will provide useful background information for researchers entering the the field.

Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) systems will undoubtedly play an important role in the application of information systems in the 1990s and beyond. The term "e;cooperative"e; is often taken for granted and it is assumed that CSCW users are willing and able to cooperate without any difficulty. This assumption ignores the possibility of conflict and, as a result, the expression, management and resolution of conflict are not supported. CSCW: Cooperation or Conflict? arose from a one-day meeting on computer supported cooperative work which examined the role of conflict in collaborative work. The aim of the meeting was to examine what people actually do when they say they are cooperating, and to assess how this affects the design of systems. The chapters of this book are fuller accounts of the work presented during the meeting. The first chapter presents a survey of studies of conflict in social psychology and related fields, providing both a summary of the main findings and a set of pointers into the literature. The subsequent chapters each present a different view of conflict, focussing particularly on the social and organizational settings, and the factors which lead to conflict. The earlier chapters provide conceptual frameworks for the study of various types of conflict, while the later chapters concentrate on the implications for CSCW. The book is the first to examine conflict from a CSCW perspective. It offers a unique snapshot of current research work in this exciting field, and establishes the importance of the issue. For the designer of CSCW systems, it offers insights into the role of conflict, and an analysis of some of the assumptions on which existing CSCW sytems have been based. For the student and researcher, it provides both an introduction to the area, and a set of in-depth studies suitable to inform future research.

The 1980's saw the advent of widespread (and potentially damaging) computer virus infection of both personal computer and mainframe systems. The computer security field has been comparatively slow to react to this emerging situation. It is only over the last two years that a significant body of knowledge on the operation, likely evolution and prevention of computer viruses has developed. A Pathology of Computer Viruses gives a detailed overview of the history of the computer virus and an in-depth technical review of the principles of computer virus and worm operation under DOS, Mac, UNIX and DEC operating systems. David Ferbrache considers the possible extension of the threat to the mainframe systems environment and suggests how the threat can be effectively combatted using an antiviral management plan. The author addresses the latest developments in "stealth" virus operations, specifically the trend for virus authors to adopt extensive camouflage and concealment techniques, which allow viruses to evade both existing anti-viral software and to avoid detection by direct observation of machine behaviour. A Pathology of Computer Viruses addresses a distinct need - that of the computer specialist and professional who needs a source reference work detailing all aspects of the computer virus threat.

Not so if the book has been translated into Arabic. Now the reader can discern no meaning in the letters. The text conveys almost no information to the reader, yet the linguistic informa- tion contained by the book is virtually the same as in the English original. The reader, familiar with books will still recognise two things, however: First, that the book is a book. Second, that the squiggles on the page represent a pattern of abstractions which probably makes sense to someone who understands the mean- ing of those squiggles. Therefore, the book as such, will still have some meaning for the English reader, even if the content of the text has none. Let us go to a more extreme case. Not a book, but a stone, or a rock with engravings in an ancient language no longer under- stood by anyone alive. Does such a stone not contain human information even if it is not decipherable? Suppose at some point in the future, basic knowledge about linguistics and clever computer aids allow us to decipher it? Or suppose someone discovers the equivalent of a Rosetta stone which allows us to translate it into a known language, and then into English? Can one really say that the stone contained no information prior to translation? It is possible to argue that the stone, prior to deciphering contained only latent information.

Dermatology is a fascinating subject. This is a statement you might expect from a dermatologist, but what is the justification? It is a highly clinical specialty and sophisticated techniques of diagnosis are very much of secondary importance compared with clinical skills. The skin is important not only as an organ with vital physiological functions but also as a flag by which we communicate with the outside world. A perfect skin is desired by all, and upon this wish is based the multi-million pound cosmetics industry. Skin disease therefore places a strain on sufferers out of proportion to the disturbances in function which the pathology produces. A "e;leper"e; complex is frequent, and social and sexual contact may be shunned because of the embarrassment caused. It is also easy to overlook the contribution that cutaneous physical signs make towards diagnoses of internal disorders. Even straightforward factors such as the pallor of anaemia, the icterus of biliary obstruction or, quite simply, the age and sex of the patient are recognised immediately from visible signs in the skin. Like most other organs the skin has a limited repertoire of reactions, but these can occur in patients of all ages, combined together in an almost infinite number of permutations; hence the fascination referred to above. It has been estimated that 10% of consultations with general practioners are because of a skin-related problem, and therefore a working knowledge of dermatology is essential for anyone who has regular clinical contact with patients.

This book developed from an IFIP workshop which brought together methods and architecture researchers in Human Computer Interaction and Software Engineering. To an extent this introduction is a little unfair to the authors, as we have distilled the results of the workshop to give the reader a perspective of the problems within integrated approaches to usability engineering. The papers could not hope to address all ofthe issues; however, we hope that a framework will help the reader gainfurther insights into current research andfuture practice. The initial motivation was to bring together researchers and practitioners to exchange their experiences on Graphical User Interface (Gill) design problems. The two groups represented methodological and architecture/tools interests, so the workshop focused on intersection of how methods can support user interface development and vice versa, how tools, architectures and reusable components can empower the design process. There is, we believe, a constructive tension between these two communities. Methodologists tend to approach the design problem with task/domain/organisational analysis while the tool builders suggest design empowerment/envisioning as a means ofimproving the way users work rather than relying on analysis ofcurrent systems. This debate revolves around the questions of whether users' current work is optimal, or whether designers have the insight to empower users by creating effective solutions to their problems. Tool builders typically want to build something, then get the users to try it, while the methodologists want to specify something, validate it and then build it.

Knowledge-based (or expert systems) and image processing have been applied to many domains but, although both fields frequently address common application areas, they are rarely applied together. Often a combined knowledge-based system and image processing approach can be highly appropriate and this book provides an insight into both areas and show students how a judicious mix of the two can result in a more effective system. The authors include detailed case studies to illustrate the two approaches as well as worked examples and solutions to problems throughout the text. Third and fourth year undergraduates and MSc students with some computer science background will find this book invaluable. Postgraduates and researchers looking for an introduction to either area - or ways to combine the two - will also welcome this clearly written and comprehensive text.

Eyes on the Universe is an illustrated history of the telescope, beginning with pre-telescopic observatories and the refractors of Galileo, Lippershey and Digges, and ending with the most modern instruments including - of course - the Hubble Space Telescope. Written by Dr Patrick Moore CBE, to celebrate the 40th Anniversary of the world's longest-running television programme, the BBC's The Sky at Night, the book takes an enthusiastic look at the development of astronomical telescopes. It provides its readers with a fascinating overview of the way astronomical telescopes have evolved with technology during the past 450 years. Amateur and professional astronomers alike will find this book both entertaining and instructive.

Fortran is one of the most widely used programming languages in science and engineering. Fortran 90 replaced the outmoded FORTRAN 77 in 1991 and this recent version of the International Standard enhances this version. It also includes several new features to ensure that Fortran continues to be aligned with High Performance Fortran (HPF) for parallel computer architectures. Fortran 95 Language Guide will serve as a language reference manual for programmers, provide teaching material for introductory courses in Fortran programming, and give help to experienced Fortran programmers migrating to the new standard. Gehrke has provided a comprehensive and easy-to-understand description of the Fortran 95 programming language as defined by the ISO, which will be welcomed by both practitioners and students alike.

Many books on general astronomy have been published in recent years, but this one is exceptional in several respects. It not only provides the complete newcomer to astronomy with a broad picture, covering all aspects - historical, observational, space research methods, cosmology - but it also presents enough more advanced material to enable the really interested student to take matters further. Astronomy is essentially a mathematical science, but there are many people who are anxious to take more than a passing interest and yet are not equipped to deal with mathematical formulae. In this book, therefore, the mathematical sections are deliberately separated out, so that they can be passed over without destroying the general picture. The result is that the book will be equally useful to beginners, to more advanced readers, and to those who really want to go deeply into the subject - for instance at university level. The whole text is written with admirable clarity, and there are excellent illustrations, together with extensive appendices which give lists of objects of various types together with more detailed mathematical explanations. All in all, the book may be said to bridge the gap between purely popular works and more advanced treatises; as such it deserves a very wide circulation, and it will undoubtedly run to many future editions.

About this Book I wrote this book to help students who are about to start their first project. It provides guidance on how to organise your work so that you achieve your agreed objective. The advice is based on experience gained from supervising more than 50 successful student projects, in both engineering and computer science, during the last 10 years. Projects have varied in duration from 120 hour final year undergraduate projects, through 800 hour MSc projects and up to 5000 hour PhD student research projects. It is my experience that almost all students have the technical background, to a greater or lesser extent, to complete their assigned project but that a disappointingly large number lack the basic organisational framework. Once they are introduced to the rudiments of project management then they are better equipped to control their own progress. They can also concentrate their efforts more effectively on the technical challenges which they will inevitably meet. Of course you can improve your skills solely on the basis of personal experience but you are more likely to achieve your objectives, in a timely manner, with the help of an experienced guide. That is what I have tried to include within this book. It contains advice on how to solve some of the organisational challenges common to all projects so that you can successfully complete your project.

The focus from most Virtual Reality (VR) systems lies mainly on the visual immersion of the user. But the emphasis only on the visual perception is insufficient for some applications as the user is limited in his interactions within the VR. Therefore the textbook presents the principles and theoretical background to develop a VR system that is able to create a link between physical simulations and haptic rendering which requires update rates of 1\,kHz for the force feedback. Special attention is given to the modeling and computation of contact forces in a two-finger grasp of textiles. Addressing further the perception of small scale surface properties like roughness, novel algorithms are presented that are not only able to consider the highly dynamic behaviour of textiles but also capable ofcomputing the small forces needed for the tactile rendering at the contact point. Final analysis of the entire VR system is being made showing the problems and the solutions found in the work

Building on the success of the previous two editions with contributions from recognised experts in their fields this book is aimed at the general pathologist concerned with handling paediatric cases and autopsies. But the specialist paediatric pathologist will also find much of interest and value. Others working in germane specialties - such as obstetricians, neonatologists and paediatric surgeons - will also obtain much valuable information. The third edition is updated in all respects and many new pathological entries are dealt with, including a chapter on diseases of bone marrow. The introduction of new genetic material is also evident throughout.