Bücher veröffentlicht von Springer Netherlands

This book comprises an edited version of the Proceedings of the 2nd Interna­ tional Conference on Applications of Supercomputers in Engineering which took place at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA during August 1991. The Conference was organized by the Wessex Insti­ tute of Technology, Southampton, UK with the support of the International Society for Boundary Elements. The first International Conference on Ap­ plications of Supercomputers in Engineering held in Southampton, UK in September 1989 was a very successful meeting and the resulting Conference Proceedings are now widely distributed throughout the world. The revolutionary aspects of the next generation of computers are now fully recognised by many engineers and scientists. Vector and parallel computers form the basis of the computing power needed to address the complex prob­ lems with which engineers are faced. The new machines not only increase the size of the problems which can be solved, but also require a different computational approach to obtain the most efficient results.

Present developments in materials science, mechanics and engineering, as well as the demands of modern technology, result in a new and growing interest in plasticity and in bordering domains of the mechanical behavior of materials. This growing interest is attested to by the success of both The International Journal of Plasticity, which after its inception rapidly became the leading journal for plasticity research, and the series ofInternational Symposia on Plasticity and Its Current Applications, which is now the premier international forum for plasticity research dissemination. The First International Symposium on Plasticity and Its Current Applications was conceived and organized by Professor Akhtar S. Khan, and was held at the University of Oklahoma (Norman, Oklahoma, USA) from July 30 to August 3, 1984. It was attended by over one hundred scientists from fifteen countries. "Plasticity '89: the Second International Symposium on Plasticity and Its Current Applications" was held at Mie University (Tsu, Japan) from July 31 to August 4, 1989; this symposium was co-chaired by Professors Khan and Tokuda. The main emphasis of this meeting was on dynamic plasticity and micromechanics, although it included other aspects of plasticity as well. It was attended by over two hundred researchers from twenty-three nations.

Recent advances in the field of peptide chemistry and gene technology have resulted in an explosive accumulation of information on biologically active pep tides and functional proteins. Because of the importance of such peptides and proteins in the role of cellular or extracellular regulatory mechanisms and their potential therapeutic value, an understanding of their detailed interactions with the specific receptor should provide useful information for structure-activity studies. These problems have been approached in many ways. However, despite our efforts, many gaps in our knowledge of peptide chemistry remain to be filled, and some answers will no doubt be forthcoming in the next few years. This volume, the Proceedings of the 2nd Japan Symposium on Peptide Chemistry held in Shizuoka, covers all presentations. Speakers and discussants, numbering approximately 550, came from Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, India, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and Japan. One very sad note was the sudden death, shortly before the conference, of Professor Emeritus Shiro Akabori, an outstanding organic chemist and a pioneer in peptide research. The news shocked his many friends and colleagues, who miss him deeply. Finally, it is a pleasure to acknowledge the help of those individuals and organizations who made the conference possible: the contributing scientists; the advisory committee and the staff of the conference; the Japanese Peptide Society, and other institutions; and the corporations which gave their financial support.

These proceedings of the Twenty-Second European Peptide Symposium include 437 articles concerning peptide synthesis, rapid preparation/libraries, conformation, de novo design, and biological physicochemical and immunological aspects. The symposium was held under the auspices of the newly founded European Peptide Society although it is clear that the contributions are de facto international.

Recent advances in the field of fracture of engineering materials and structures have increasingly indicated its multidisciplinary nature. This area of research now involves scientists and engineers who work in materials science, applied mathematics and mechanics, and also computer scientists. The present volume, which contains the Proceedings of the Joint FEFG/lCF International Conference on Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures held in Singapore from the 6th to 8th of August 1991, is a testimony of this multidisciplinary nature. This International Conference was the Second Symposium of the Far East Fracture Group (FEFG) and thus provided a unique opportunity for researchers and engineers in the Far East region to exchange and acquire knowledge of new advances and applications in fracture. The Conference was also the Inter-Quadrennial International Conference on Fracture (ICF) for 1991 and thus appealed to researchers in the international arena who wished to take advantage of this meeting to present their findings. The Conference has brought together over 130 participants from more than 24 countries, and they represented government and industrial research laboratories as well as academic institutions. It has thus achieved its objective of bringing together scientists and engineers with different backgrounds and perspectives but with . a common interest in new developments in the fracture of engineering materials and structures. This volume contains 4 keynote papers, 4 invited papers and 130 contributed papers.

There is currently great interest in the process of diffusion bonding. The main thrust has been in the joining of advanced materials such as superplastic alloys, metal matrix composites and ceramics and, most importantly, to introduce the process into mass-production operations. Diffusion bonding has also led to reduced manufacturing costs and weight savings in conventional materials and developments in hot isostatic pressing have allowed greater design flexibility. Since the first conference on Diffusion Bonding, held at Cranfield in 1987, considerable advances have been made and it was therefore considered appropriate to organise the Second International Conference on Diffusion Bonding which was held at Cranfield Institute of Technology on 28 and 29 March 1990. The meeting provided a forum for the presentation and discussion of recent developments in Diffusion Bonding and was divided into four main subject areas: steel bonding and quality control, diffusion bonding of aluminium alloys, bonding of high temperature materials and general applications. This structure is retained in the proceedings. DAVID STEPHENSON vii CONTENTS v Preface ......................... .

The present study of patents and patent applications published in the United States, Japan and the countries of Western Europe, and of other technological about 1980, is the result of a comprehensive analysis literature published since of documents which reveal various processes for reinforcing composite materials by metals, the atoms of which have been arranged according to predetermined matrices. Pre-searches were conducted by the Patent Information Office of TNO in Rijswijk, The Netherlands, which also provided copies of the documents needed to carry out the analysis. The International Patent Classification System (IPC) was employed to determine proper entries to the documents on the respective subject-matter. These classes are: C 22 C 1/09 relating to alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments; by subjecting to pressure and heat an assembly comprising at /09B least one metal layer or sheet and one layer of fibres or filaments; /09C by contacting the filaments or fibres with molten metal, e. g. by impregnation; /09D by using a powder-metallurgical method; characterized by the material used respectively for the metal /09F matrix or the reinforcing fibres; matrix formed of a light metal such as AI, Mg, Be, Ti; /09F2 matrix formed of a refractory metal such as Ni, Co, Cr, Mo. /09F4 Classifying patents or patent applications is actually a very difficult matter, particularly when it has to deal with processes for the production of composites, metal alloys or pharmaceuticals.

The present study complements the study on patents, patent applications and other literature on rare earth metals based permanent magnets by Frits Andriessen and Marten Terpstra, published by Elsevier Applied Science in 1989, and complements in part the book on Nd-Fe permanent magnets edited by LV. Mitchell, which was the result of a workshop organized by the Commission of the European Communities and held in Brussels on 25 October 1984. The difference between the content of the first book and that of the present study is that the first is more specifically directed to various kinds and compositions of alloys used in newly developed magnets, while the present book emphasises the improvements obtained when using particular alloys. The study edited by Mitchell deals more specifically with the economic, physical and chemical aspects of rare earth metals based magnet alloys, their properties compared with the more common and classical magnets such as ferro-cobalt alloy magnets, and their applications to various fields of technology. From the present study it has become apparent that there exist only a few patents and patent applications covering a specific use of particular magnets having specific properties to a circuit, arrangement, device or electric motor. This appears to be due to the fact that every manufacturer of such circuits or arrangements applying magnets naturally wants to employ the most effective magnets.

The first Interfaces Conference was held at Swansea in April 1988 and represented the then state of the art of the science of implant surgery. The motivation for the initial venture was a supposed need for a closer interaction and dialogue between the clinician and scientist working in this area. As expressed in the Preface to the first Conference, we felt that the interface was represented graphically, scientifically and psychologically by the drawings of Edgar Rubins (1915), again widely used in the literature to the present Proceedings. The first Conference, we believe, achieved the aims of the organisers in bringing together scientists and clinicians towards an exchange of ideas by logically pursuing the sequence of events in clinical implant surgery. The present Conference, in collaboration with our Italian colleagues, has also attempted to achieve the same aims by examining the behaviour of implants constructed of a variety of materials in both hard and soft tissue. Many contributions in the conference employed the technique of finite element analysis, both for design and optimisation purposes, particularly in relation to bone remodelling. Indeed, this particular aspect of the Conference led to much debate and will require a major examination of the many levels of physical, chemical and biomechanical interactive behaviour of the implant and its environment. All this natural behaviour was presented and discussed, but difficulties and failures remain with such procedures and we feel it is only by continuing such meetings that we progress in this difficult area of clinical science.

Members of the gastropod family Littorinidae are common throughout the world. They form a very abundant component of many intertidal and shallow subtidal ecosystems and, by their grazing, often play a central role in shaping these communities. They also display a wide range of life history strategies and many are polymorphic, making them attractive model organisms for ecologists, evolutionary biologists and physiologists alike. Areas of particular interest include ecological interactions with other animals and with algae, the effects of pollutants and the use of littorinids as sentinel species for monitoring pollution, the effects of parasites on growth and ecology, taxonomy, and the study of genotypic/phenotypic responses to environmental factors. There is still much to be done, and the littorinids are proving to be an ideal group on which to work. Audience: Primarily targeted at the research level. Will also provide useful information for advanced first-degree students conducting research projects.