Bücher veröffentlicht von Springer New York

From the 39th annual conference of the International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue (ISOTT), held in Washington, DC, USA in July 2011, this volume covers aspects of oxygen transport from air to the cells, organs and organisms; instrumentation and methods to sense oxygen and clinical evidence. Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXXIV includes contributions from scientists (physicists, biologists and chemists), engineers, clinicians and mathematicians.

These contributions, written by the foremost international researchers and practitioners of Genetic Programming (GP), explore the synergy between theoretical and empirical results on real-world problems, producing a comprehensive view of the state of the art in GP. Topics include: modularity and scalability; evolvability; human-competitive results; the need for important high-impact GP-solvable problems;; the risks of search stagnation and of cutting off paths to solutions; the need for novelty; empowering GP search with expert knowledge;In addition, GP symbolic regression is thoroughly discussed, addressing such topics as guaranteed reproducibility of SR; validating SR results, measuring and controlling genotypic complexity; controlling phenotypic complexity; identifying, monitoring, and avoiding over-fitting; finding a comprehensive collection of SR benchmarks, comparing SR to machine learning. This text is for all GP explorers. Readers will discover large-scale, real-world applications of GP to a variety of problem domains via in-depth presentations of the latest and most significant results.

This volume is the product of a February 1982 conference, cosponsored by the American Heart Association, the National Institutes of Health, and the Bowman Gray School of Medicine, which examined techniques for delineating quantitatively the natural history of atherosclerosis. Against the background of current pathologic and clinical knowledge of atherosclerosis, invasive and noninvasive evaluative methods now in use and under development are surveyed in depth. Correlative clinicopathologic studies of atherosclerosis pose special questions with respect to both luminal and plaque characteristics that are addressed in this volume. An old observa- tion, based on the examination of arterial casts, suggested that the so-called nodose lesion of atherosclerosis may be at first flattened into the wall of a weakened, dilated artery, rather than raised into the lumen. This is now fully confirmed in vivo by ultrasonic and other imaging techniques. The morbid anatomist is challenged anew to describe lesions as they are likely to occur in vivo. To achieve closer correlation with natural conditions, perfu- sion fixation of arteries under arterial pressure is becoming more widely used and has already demonstrated more valid quantita- tion of the composition and configuration of lesions. While the noninvasive methods of B-mode and Doppler ultrasound are suitable only for the clinical study of superficial arteries, such as the carotid or femoral, the new and relatively noninvasive procedure of intravenous digital subtraction angio- graphy can be effectively used for the examination of deep systems, such as cerebral vessels.

Signi?cant progress has been made in the development of neural prostheses for restoration of human functions and improvement of the quality of life. Biomedical engineers and neuroscientists around the world are working to improve the design and performance of existing devices and to develop novel devices for arti?cial vision, arti?cial limbs, and brain-machine interfaces. This book, Implantable Neural Prostheses 2: Techniques and Engineering Approaches, is part two of a two-volume sequence that describes state-of-the-art advances in techniques associated with implantable neural prosthetic devices. The techniques covered include biocompatibility and biostability, hermetic packaging, electrochemical techniques for neural stimulation applications, novel electrode materials and testing, thin-?lm ?exible microelectrode arrays, in situ char- terization of microelectrode arrays, chip-size thin-?lm device encapsulation, microchip-embedded capacitors and microelectronics for recording, stimulation, and wireless telemetry. The design process in the development of medical devices is also discussed. Advances in biomedical engineering, microfabrication technology, and neu- science have led to improved medical-device designs and novel functions. However, many challenges remain. This book focuses on the engineering approaches, R&D advances, and technical challenges of medical implants from an engineering p- spective. We are grateful to leading researchers from academic institutes, national laboratories, as well as design engineers and professionals from the medical device industry who have contributed to the book. Part one of this series covers designs of implantable neural prosthetic devices and their clinical applications.

More than 18 million people in the United States have diabetes mellitus, and about 90% of these have the type 2 form of the disease. In addition, between 17 and 40 million people have insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, or the cluster of abnormalities referred to variably as the metabolic syndrome, the dysmetabolic syndrome, syndrome X, or the insulin resistance syndrome. In all of these disorders, a central component of the pathophysiology is insulin resistance, i.e., reduced responsiveness to insulin in tissues such as muscle, fat and liver. Insulin resistance is also closely linked to other common health problems, including obesity, polycystic ovarian disease, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. In this book, we will attempt to dissect the complexity of the molecular mechanisms of insulin action with a special emphasis on those features of the system that are subject to alteration in type 2 diabetes and other insulin resistant states. We explore insulin action at the most basic levels, through complex systems. The book will be appealing to basic and clinical scientists.

Recon?guring Disturbance, Succession, and Forest Management: The Science of Mount St. Helens When Mount St. Helens erupted on May 18, 1980, it did more than just recon?gure a large piece of Cascadian landscape. It also led to dramatic revisions in our perspectives on disturbances, secondary succession, and forestry practices. The Mount St. Helens landscape turned out to be a far more complex place than the "e;moonscape"e; that it initially appeared to be. Granted, a large area was literally scoured and sterilized, and that vast expanse of newly formed rock, mud?ows, and avalanche debris up and down the mountain made the Mount St. Helens landscape unique. But I still remember my surprise when, as I stepped out of the helicopter on ?rst landing within the extensive "e;devastated zone,"e; I saw hundreds of plants pushing their way up through the mantel of tephra. Surviving organisms were stunning in their diversity, abundance, and the mechanisms by which they survived. They persisted as whole organisms living below ground, encased within late-persisting snowbanks, and buried in lake and stream sediments. They survived as rhizomes transported along with the massive landslide that accompanied the eruption and as stems that suffered the abrasion of mud?ows. Mud?ows ?oated nurse logs covered with tree seedlings and then redeposited them on the ?oor of a forested river terrace. Millions, perhaps billions, of plants survived as rootstocks and rhizomes that pushed their way up through the tephra, and others survived on the bases of uprooted trees.

As arthroscopy becomes the gold standard of care in treating wrist problems, there is a vast need for an up-to-date practical guide on wrist arthroscopy. To fill that need, Dr. William Geissler has brought together an international group of eminent experts, who share their knowledge to present the full scope of all aspects of wrist arthroscopy. In 24 chapters, generously illustrated with over 300 images, 44 in full color, the book explores every clinically relevant aspect of wrist arthroscopy. This includes arthroscopic wrist anatomy and how to evaluate the painful wrist, arthroscopic management of carpal instability, fracture management, arthofibrosis, and arthroscopic tunnel release. Each chapter includes a brief overview followed by indications for the procedure and surgical techniques. In addition, the book features a section on tips and tricks and how to avoid common pitfalls.

Over the past decade there has been an explosion of developments in mixed e?ects models and their applications. This book concentrates on two major classes of mixed e?ects models, linear mixed models and generalized linear mixed models, with the intention of o?ering an up-to-date account of theory and methods in the analysis of these models as well as their applications in various ?elds. The ?rst two chapters are devoted to linear mixed models. We classify l- ear mixed models as Gaussian (linear) mixed models and non-Gaussian linear mixed models. There have been extensive studies in estimation in Gaussian mixed models as well as tests and con?dence intervals. On the other hand, the literature on non-Gaussian linear mixed models is much less extensive, partially because of the di?culties in inference about these models. However, non-Gaussian linear mixed models are important because, in practice, one is never certain that normality holds. This book o?ers a systematic approach to inference about non-Gaussian linear mixed models. In particular, it has included recently developed methods, such as partially observed information, iterative weighted least squares, and jackknife in the context of mixed models. Other new methods introduced in this book include goodness-of-?t tests, p- diction intervals, and mixed model selection. These are, of course, in addition to traditional topics such as maximum likelihood and restricted maximum likelihood in Gaussian mixed models.

From reviews of the first edition:"e;In the world of mathematics, the 1980's might well be described as the "e;decade of the fractal"e;. Starting with Benoit Mandelbrot's remarkable text The Fractal Geometry of Nature, there has been a deluge of books, articles and television programmes about the beautiful mathematical objects, drawn by computers using recursive or iterative algorithms, which Mandelbrot christened fractals. Gerald Edgar's book is a significant addition to this deluge. Based on a course given to talented high- school students at Ohio University in 1988, it is, in fact, an advanced undergraduate textbook about the mathematics of fractal geometry, treating such topics as metric spaces, measure theory, dimension theory, and even some algebraic topology...the book also contains many good illustrations of fractals (including 16 color plates)."e;Mathematics Teaching"e;The book can be recommended to students who seriously want to know about the mathematical foundation of fractals, and to lecturers who want to illustrate a standard course in metric topology by interesting examples."e;Christoph Bandt, Mathematical Reviews"e;...not only intended to fit mathematics students who wish to learn fractal geometry from its beginning but also students in computer science who are interested in the subject. Especially, for the last students the author gives the required topics from metric topology and measure theory on an elementary level. The book is written in a very clear style and contains a lot of exercises which should be worked out."e;H.Haase, ZentralblattAbout the second edition: Changes throughout the text, taking into account developments in the subject matter since 1990; Major changes in chapter 6. Since 1990 it has become clear that there are two notions of dimension that play complementary roles, so the emphasis on Hausdorff dimension will be replaced by the two: Hausdorff dimension and packing dimension. 6.1 will remain, but a new section on packing dimension will follow it, then the old sections 6.2--6.4 will be re-written to show both types of dimension; Substantial change in chapter 7: new examples along with recent developments; Sections rewritten to be made clearer and more focused.

This book provides broad coverage of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based methods and applications for the analysis of metabolites in a wide range of biological samples, from biofluids, cells, animal models, human, to plants and foods. The applications range from mechanistic understanding, biomarker discovery, environmental studies, and drug discovery to nutrition, while NMR methods include global, targeted, and isotope tracer-based techniques. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, NMR-Based Metabolomics: Methods and Protocols serves as a wealth of information for beginners as well as advanced practitioners and also as stepping stones for further advancesin the field of metabolomics.

This volume focuses on protein analysis, including a wide range of the use of mass spectrometry and other protein methods within neurobiological disciplines. Chapters cover topics such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) processing and biobanking; label-free quantitative proteomics; SWATH; top-down proteomics; and experimental strategies based on other ¿omics applied to CSF metabolome, lipidome, and microRNAome. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting-edge and thorough, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Proteomics: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for graduate students and post-doctoral fellows interested in learning more about CSF proteotyping. It is also useful to established researchers seeking furtherinsight into this growing field.

This second edition volume expands on the previous edition with new sections describing the characterization of peptides bound to major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) on the surface of the cell. Chapters also cover topics such as using SERPA for antigen identification; antigen content of electroimmunoprecipitates; whole genome-phage display libraries; antigens in immune complexes; and immunoproteomic biomarkers. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting-edge and thorough, Immunoprotemics: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition is a valuable resource that presents novice and expert researchers with techniques that are easily transferrable to laboratories and provides enhancedhands-on insights into this evolving field.

This volume explores the latest synthetic procedures for producing receptor-specific retinoids and rexinoids, molecular biology methods, and new technologies to demonstrate the therapeutic activities of molecules. The chapters in this book cover topics such as lentiviral delivery of shRNA constructs into acute promyelocytic leukemia cells for ATRA induced differentiation and autophagy; methods to analyze RAR signaling in colorectal cancer cells; differentiation of primary myoblasts by using RXR agonist; methodology for analyzing effects of retinoid treatment on nervous system development and larval swimming behavior; and protocols for assessment of autophagic flux in ATRA treated 2D and 3D breast cancer cultures. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshootingand avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting-edge and comprehensive, Retinoid and Rexinoid Signaling: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resources for graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and principal investigators who are interested in further exploring the signaling mechanisms of these molecules in their specific preclinical models.