Bücher veröffentlicht von Springer US

Chemical Vapor Deposition Polymerization - The Growth and Properties of Parylene Thin Films is intended to be valuable to both users and researchers of parylene thin films. It should be particularly useful for those setting up and characterizing their first research deposition system. It provides a good picture of the deposition process and equipment, as well as information on system-to-system variations that is important to consider when designing a deposition system or making modifications to an existing one. Also included are methods to characterizae a deposition system's pumping properties as well as monitor the deposition process via mass spectrometry. There are many references that will lead the reader to further information on the topic being discussed. This text should serve as a useful reference source and handbook for scientists and engineers interested in depositing high quality parylene thin films.

Digital holography and digital image processing are twins born by computer era. They share origin, theoretical base, methods and algorithms. The present book describes these common fundamentals principles, methods and algorithms including image and hologram digitization, data compression, digital transforms and efficient computational algorithms, statistical and Monte-Carlo methods, image restoration and enhancement, image reconstruction in tomography and digital holography, discrete signal resampling and image geometrical transformations, accurate measurements and reliable target localization in images, recording and reconstruction of computer generated holograms, adaptive and nonlinear filters for sensor signal perfecting and image restoration and enhancement. The book combines theory, heavily illustrated practical methods and efficient computational algorithms and is written for senior-level undergraduate and graduate students, researchers and engineers in optics, photonics, opto-electronics and electronic engineering.

Millimeter-Wave Waveguides is a monograph devoted to open waveguides for millimeter wave applications. In the first chapters, general waveguide theory is presented (with the emphasis on millimeter wave applications). Next, the book systematically describes the results of both theoretical and experimental studies of rectangular dielectric rod waveguides with high dielectric permittivities. Simple and accurate methods for propagation constant calculations for isotropic as well as anisotropic dielectric waveguides are described. Both analytical and numerical approaches are covered. Different types of transitions have been simulated in order to find optimal configurations as well as optimal dimensions of dielectric waveguides for the frequency band of 75-110 GHz. Simple and effective design is presented. The experimental studies of dielectric waveguides show that Sapphire waveguide can be utilized for this frequency band as a very low-loss waveguide. Design of antennas with low return loss based on dielectric waveguides is also described.

The complexity of most real-time and embedded systems often exceeds that of other types of systems since, in addition to the usual spectrum of problems inherent in software, they need to deal with the complexities of the physical world. That world-as the proverbial Mr. Murphy tells us-is an unpredictable and often unfriendly place. Consequently, there is a very strong motivation to investigate and apply advanced design methods and technologies that could simplify and improve the reliability of real-time software design and implementation. As a result, from the first versions of UML issued in the mid 1990's, designers of embedded and real-time systems have taken to UML with vigour and enthusiasm. However, the dream of a complete, model-driven design flow from specification through automated, optimised code generation, has been difficult to realise without some key improvements in UML semantics and syntax, specifically targeted to the real-time systems problem. With the enhancements in UML that have been proposed and are near standardisation with UML 2. 0, many of these improvements have been made. In the Spring of 2003, adoption of a formalised UML 2. 0 specification by the members of the Object Management Group (OMG) seems very close. It is therefore very appropriate to review the status of UML as a set of notations for embedded real-time systems - both the state of the art and best practices achieved up to this time with UML of previous generations - and where the changes embodied in the 2.

Jump Time-Delay Systems (JTDS) represent a new class of piece-wise deterministic systems, in which the underlying dynamics is governed by delay-differential equations and it possesses multiple modes of operation depending on the value of an associated Markov random process. This book is about the time-domain modeling, stability, stabilization, control design and filtering for JTDS. It gives readers a thorough understanding of the basic mathematical analysis and fundamentals of JTDS. Additionally, it offers a straightforward treatment of the different topics and provides a broad coverage of the recent methodologies. The prime concern has been on the interplay between delay factors, jumping behavior and parametric uncertainties. The cases of single and interconnected JTDS are considered and numerous examples are worked out. The relationship to previous results on time-delay systems (TDS) and Markovian jump systems (MJS) are revealed.

SystemC has received a wide acceptance by users and tool vendors as the next generation system description language in order to deal with higher levels of abstraction for complex SoC designs. SystemC Methodologies and Applications gives a comprehensive survey on the state of the art of SystemC in industry and research. Organised into 11 self-contained chapters, selected SystemC experts present their approaches in the domains of -modelling, -analysis, -synthesis. Their contributions range from mixed signal and discrete system to embedded software. The chapters give a broad overview of recent advances in SystemC methodologies and applications and are mainly based on presentations given at the European SystemC User Group meetings.

Systematic Design of Analog IP Blocks introduces a design methodology that can help to bridge the productivity gap. Two different types of designs, depending on the design challenge, have been identified: commodity IP and star IP. Each category requires a different approach to boost design productivity. Commodity IP blocks are well suited to be automated in an analog synthesis environment and provided as soft IP. The design knowledge is usually common knowledge, and reuse is high accounting for the setup time needed for the analog library. Star IP still changes as technology evolves and the design cost can only be reduced by following a systematic design approach supported by point tools to relieve the designer from error-prone, repetitive tasks, allowing him/her to focus on new ideas to push the limits of the design.

Multimodal Video Characterization and Summarization is a valuable research tool for both professionals and academicians working in the video field.This book describes the methodology for using multimodal audio, image, and text technology to characterize video content. This new and groundbreaking science has led to many advances in video understanding, such as the development of a video summary. Applications and methodology for creating video summaries are described, as well as user-studies for evaluation and testing.

Continuing advances in chip technology, such as the ability to place more transistors on the same die (together with increased operating speeds) have opened new opportunities in embedded applications, breaking new ground in the domains of communication, multimedia, networking and entertainment. New consumer products, together with increased time-to-market pressures have created the need for rapid exploration tools to evaluate candidate architectures for System-on-Chip (SoC) solutions. Such tools will facilitate the introduction of new products customized for the market and reduce the time-to-market for such products. While the cost of embedded systems was traditionally dominated by the circuit production costs, the burden has continuously shifted towards the design process, requiring a better design process, and faster turn-around time. In the context of programmable embedded systems, designers critically need the ability to explore rapidly the mapping of target applications to the complete system. Moreover, in today's embedded applications, memory represents a major bottleneck in terms of power, performance, and cost. In particular, Memory Architecture Exploration for Programmable Embedded Systems addresses efficient exploration of alternative memory architectures, assisted by a "e;compiler-in-the-loop"e; that allows effective matching of the target application to the processor-memory architecture. This new approach for memory architecture exploration replaces the traditional black-box view of the memory system and allows for aggressive co-optimization of the programmable processor together with a customized memory system. The book concludes with a set of experiments demonstrating the utility of this exploration approach. The authors perform architecture and compiler exploration for a set of large, real-life benchmarks, uncovering promising memory configurations from different perspectives, such as cost, performance and power. Moreover, the authors compare the Design Space Exploration heuristic with a brute force full simulation of the design space, to verify that the heuristic successfully follows a true pareto-like curve. Such an early exploration methodology can be used directly by design architects to quickly evaluate different design alternatives, and make confident design decisions based on quantitative figures. Memory Architecture Exploration for Programmable Embedded Systems is designed for different groups in the embedded systems-on-chip arena. First, the book is designed for researchers and graduate students interested in memory architecture exploration in the context of compiler-in-the-loop exploration for programmable embedded systems-on-chip. Second, the book is intended for embedded system designers who are interested in an early exploration methodology, where they can rapidly evaluate different design alternatives, and customize the architecture using system-level IP blocks, such as processor cores and memories. Third, the book can be used by CAD developers who wish to migrate from a hardware synthesis target to embedded systems containing processor cores and significant software components. CAD tool developers will be able to review basic concepts in memory architectures with relation to automatic compiler/simulator software toolkit retargeting. Finally, since the book presents a methodology for exploring and optimizing the memory configuration for embedded systems, it is intended for managers and system designers who may be interested in the emerging embedded system design methodologies for memory-intensive applications.

The development and implementation of intellectual property (IP) protection mechanisms is of crucial importance for the emerging reuse-based system design methodology. Maybe even more importantly, it is such an elegant scientific and engineering challenge that it has drawn a lot of attention from academia and industry in recent years.Intellectual Property Protection in VLSI Designs: Theory and Practice provides an overview of the security problems in modern VLSI design with a detailed treatment of our newly developed constraint-based protection paradigm for the protection of VLSI design IPs from FPGA design to standard-cell placement, from high-level synthesis solutions to gate-level netlist place-and-rout, and from advanced CAD tools to physical design algorithms. The problem of VLSI design IP protection is much more challenging than the protection of multimedia contents or software, and our protection paradigm is also conceptually different from the state-of-the-art approaches in those domains.The key idea in this newly developed IP protection paradigm is to superimpose additional constraints that correspond to an encrypted signature of the designer to design/software in such a way that quality of design is only nominally impacted, while strong proof of authorship is guaranteed. It consists of three integrated parts: constraint-based watermarking, fingerprinting, and copy detection. Its correctness relies on the presence of all these components. In short, watermarking aims to embed signatures for the identification of the IP owner without altering the IP's functionality; fingerprinting seeks to provide effective ways to distinguish each individual IP users to protect legal IP buyers; copy detection is the method to trace improper use of the IP and demonstrate IP's ownership.Intellectual Property Protection in VLSI Designs: Theory and Practice contains the mathematical foundations for the developed IP protection paradigm, detailed pseudo-code and descriptions of its many techniques, numerous examples and experimental validation on well-known benchmarks, and clear explanations and comparisons of the many protection methods.

Cardiac cell biology has come of age. Recognition of activated or modified signaling molecules by specific antibodies, new selective inhibitors, and fluorescent fusion tags are but a few of the tools used to dissect signaling pathways and cross-talk mechanisms that may eventually allow rational drug design. Understanding the regulation of cardiac hypertrophy in all its complexity remains a fundamental goal of cardiac research. Since the advancement of adenovirally mediated gene transfer, transfection efficiency is no longer a limiting factor in the study of cardiomyocytes. A limiting factor in considering cell transplantion as a strategy to repair the damaged heart is cell availability at the right time. Cardiac gap junctions, intercellular communication channels that allow electrical and metabolic coupling and play an important role in arrhythmogenesis are now understood to be exquisite sensors of cardiac change. The reports in this volume incLude elegant studies that made use of cutting edge technological advances and many specialized reagents to address these issues.

Sequence - Evolution - Function is an introduction to the computational approaches that play a critical role in the emerging new branch of biology known as functional genomics. The book provides the reader with an understanding of the principles and approaches of functional genomics and of the potential and limitations of computational and experimental approaches to genome analysis. Key topics covered in this textbook are: *the completed and ongoing genome sequencing projects, *databases that store and organize genomic data, with their unique advantages and pitfalls, *principles and methods of genome analysis and annotation, *ways to automate the searches and increase search sensitivity while minimizing the error rate, *the first lessons from the Human Genome Project, *the contribution of comparative genomics to the understanding of hereditary diseases and cancer, *fundamental and practical applications of comparative genomics, *the use of complete genomes for evolutionary analysis, *the application of comparative genomics for identification of potential drug targets in microbial genomes, *Problems for Further Study, which are designed to be solved by using methods available through the WWW. Sequence - Evolution - Function should help bridge the "e;digital divide"e; between biologists and computer scientists, allowing biologists to better grasp the peculiarities of the emerging field of Genome Biology and to learn how to benefit from the enormous amount of sequence data available in the public databases. The book is non-technical with respect to the computer methods for genome analysis and discusses these methods from the user's viewpoint, without addressing mathematical and algorithmic details. Prior practical familiarity with the basic methods for sequence analysis is a major advantage, but a reader without such experience will be able to use the book as an introduction to these methods. This book is perfect for introductory level courses in computational methods for comparative and functional genomics.

For four decades the evolution of integrated circuits has followed Moore's law, according to which the number of transistors per square millimeter of silicon doubles every 18 months. At the same time transistors have become faster, making possible ever-increasing clock rates in digital circuits. This trend seems set to continue for at least another decade without slowing down. Thus, in the near future the processing power of digital circuits will continue to increase at an accelerating pace. For analog circuits the evolution of technology is not as beneficial. Thus, there is a trend to move signal processing functions from the analog domain to the digital one, which, besides allowing for a higher level of accuracy, provides savings in power consumption and silicon area, increases robustness, speeds up the design process, brings flexibility and programmability, and increases the possibilities for design reuse. In many applications the input and output signals of the system are inherently analog, preventing all-digital realizations; at the very least a conversion between analog and digital is needed at the - terfaces. Typically, moving the analog-digital boundary closer to the outside world increases the bit rate across it. In telecommunications systems the trend to boost bit rates is based on - ploying widerbandwidths and a higher signal-to-noise ratio. At the same time radio architectures in many applications are evolving toward software-defined radio, one of the main characteristics of which is the shifting of the anal- digital boundary closer to the antenna.

Identification Modeling and Characteristics of Miniature Rotorcraft introduces an approach to developing a simple and effective linear parameterized model of vehicle dynamics using the CIFERa identification tool created by the Army/NASA Rotorcraft Division. It also presents the first application of the advanced control system optimization tool CONDUITa to systematically and efficiently tune control laws for a model-scale UAV helicopter against multiple and competing dynamic response criteria.Identification Modeling and Characteristics of Miniature Rotorcraft presents the detailed account of how the theory was developed, the experimentation performed, and how the results were used. This book will serve as a basic and illustrative guide for all students that are interested in developing autonomous flying helicopters.

General equilibrium In this book we try to cope with the challenging task of reviewing the so called general equilibrium model and of discussing one specific aspect of the approach underlying it, namely, market completeness. With the denomination "e;general equilibrium"e; (from now on in short GE) we shall mainly refer to two different things. On one hand, in particular when using the expression "e;GE approach"e;, we shall refer to a long established methodolog- ical tradition in building and developing economic models, which includes, as of today, an enormous amount of contributions, ranging in number by several 1 thousands * On the other hand, in particular when using the expression "e;stan- dard differentiable GE model"e;, we refer to a very specific version of economic model of exchange and production, to be presented in Chapters 8 and 9, and to be modified in Chapters 10 to 15. Such a version is certainly formulated within the GE approach, but it is generated by making several quite restrictive 2 assumptions * Even to list and review very shortly all the collective work which can be ascribed to the GE approach would be a formidable task for several coauthors in a lifetime perspective. The book instead intends to address just a single issue. Before providing an illustration of its main topic, we feel the obligation to say a word on the controversial character of GE. First of all, we should say that we identify the GE approach as being based 3 on three principles .