Bücher veröffentlicht von Springer US

Handbook of Open Source Tools for Advanced Programs introduces a comprehensive collection of advanced open source tools useful in developing software applications. The tools presented include software construction utilities for compilers, virtual-machines, database, graphics, high-performance computing, OpenGL, geometry, algebra, graph theory , GUIs and more.Special highlights for software construction utilities are presented in the perspective of software development when starting a new project. Each tool is covered in the context of a real like application development setting. Case studies and examples are provided throughout the book as well.This book:Presents a comprehensive discussion of advanced tools, a valuable asset used by most application developers and programmers.Includes a special focus on Mathematical Open Source Software not available in most Open Source Software books.Introduces several tools (eg ACL2 and CLIPS) which are not known outside of select groups, but are very powerful.This reference book is designed for application developers and programmers working with Open Source Tools. Advanced-level students concentrating on Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science will find this reference a valuable asset as well.

This text is an introduction to electrophysiology, following a quantitative approach. The first chapter summarizes much of the mathematics required in the following chapters. The second chapter presents a very concise overview of the general principles of electrical fields and current flow, mostly es- tablished in physical science and engineering, but also applicable to biolog- ical environments. The following five chapters are the core material of this text. They include descriptions of how voltages come to exist across membranes and how these are described using the Nernst and Goldman equations (Chapter 3), an examination of the time course of changes in membrane voltages that produce action potentials (Chapter 4), propagation of action potentials down fibers (Chapter 5), the response of fibers to artificial stimuli such as those used in pacemakers (Chapter 6), and the voltages and currents produced by these active processes in the surrounding extracellular space (Chapter 7). The subsequent chapters present more detailed material about the application of these principles to the study of cardiac and neural electrophysiology, and include a chapter on recent developments in mem- brane biophysics. The study of electrophysiology has progressed rapidly because of the precise, delicate, and ingenious experimental studies of many investigators. The field has also made great strides by unifying the numerous experimental observations through the development of increasingly accurate theoretical concepts and mathematical descriptions. The application of these funda- mental principles has in turn formed a basis for the solution of many different electrophysiological problems.

In volume I we developed the tools of "e;Multivalued Analysis. "e; In this volume we examine the applications. After all, the initial impetus for the development of the theory of set-valued functions came from its applications in areas such as control theory and mathematical economics. In fact, the needs of control theory, in particular the study of systems with a priori feedback, led to the systematic investigation of differential equations with a multi valued vector field (differential inclusions). For this reason, we start this volume with three chapters devoted to set-valued differential equations. However, in contrast to the existing books on the subject (i. e. J. -P. Aubin - A. Cellina: "e;Differential Inclusions,"e; Springer-Verlag, 1983, and Deimling: "e;Multivalued Differential Equations,"e; W. De Gruyter, 1992), here we focus on "e;Evolution Inclusions,"e; which are evolution equations with multi- valued terms. Evolution equations were raised to prominence with the development of the linear semigroup theory by Hille and Yosida initially, with subsequent im- portant contributions by Kato, Phillips and Lions. This theory allowed a successful unified treatment of some apparently different classes of nonstationary linear par- tial differential equations and linear functional equations. The needs of dealing with applied problems and the natural tendency to extend the linear theory to the nonlinear case led to the development of the nonlinear semigroup theory, which became a very effective tool in the analysis of broad classes of nonlinear evolution equations.

Pseudomonas comprises three volumes covering the biology of pseudomonads in a wide context, including the niches they inhabit, the taxonomic relations among members of this group, the molecular biology of gene expression in different niches and under different environmental conditions, the analysis of virulence traits in plants, animals and human pathogens as well as the determinants that make some strains useful for biotechnological applications and promotion of plant growth. There has been growing interest in pseudomonads and a particular urge to understand the biology underlying the complex metabolism of these ubiquitous microbes. These bacteria are capable of colonizing a wide range of niches, including the soil, the plant rhizosphere and phylosphere, and animal tissues; more recently they have attracted attention because of their capacity to form biofilms, a characteristic with potentially important medical and environmental implications. The three volumes cover the following topics: - Taxonomy, - Genomics, - Life styles, - Cell Architecture, - Virulence, - Regulation, - Macromolecules, - Alternative Respiratory Substrates, - Catabolism and Biotransformations. Pseudomonas will be of use to all researchers working on these bacteria, particularly those studying microbiology, plant crops, pathogenesis, and chemical engineering. Advanced students in biology, medicine and agronomy will also find these three volumes a valuable reference during their studies.

In the few years since their appearance in the mid-sixties, variational inequalities have developed to such an extent and so thoroughly that they may now be considered an "e;institutional"e; development of the theory of differential equations (with appreciable feedback as will be shown). This book was written in the light of these considerations both in regard to the choice of topics and to their treatment. In short, roughly speaking my intention was to write a book on second-order elliptic operators, with the first half of the book, as might be expected, dedicated to function spaces and to linear theory whereas the second, nonlinear half would deal with variational inequalities and non variational obstacle problems, rather than, for example, with quasilinear or fully nonlinear equations (with a few exceptions to which I shall return later). This approach has led me to omit any mention of "e;physical"e; motivations in the wide sense of the term, in spite of their historical and continuing importance in the development of variational inequalities. I here addressed myself to a potential reader more or less aware of the significant role of variational inequalities in numerous fields of applied mathematics who could use an analytic presentation of the fundamental theory, which would be as general and self-contained as possible.

In 1988, the NATO panel governing human sciences (Panel 8 on Defence Applica- of Human and Bio-Medical Sciences) established a Research Study Group to synthe- tions size information relevant to Advanced Technologies Applied to Training Design. During its first phase, the RSG established an active exchange of information on advanced tech- nologies applied to training design and stimulated much military application of these tech- nologies. With the increased emphasis on training throughout the alliance, Panel 8, during its April 1991 meeting decided to continue with Phase II of this RSG focusing in the area of advanced training technologies that were emerging within the alliance. In order to ac- complish its mission, the RSG held a series of workshops. Leaders in technology and training were brought together and exchanged information on the latest developments in technologies applicable to training and education. This volume represents the last in a se- ries based on the NATO workshops. In Part One, it details findings from the last work- shop, Virtual Reality for Training; and in Part Two, we provide a summary perspective on Virtual Reality and the other emerging technologies previously studied. These include computer-based training, expert systems, authoring systems, cost-effectiveness, and dis- tance learning. It is a natural extension to proceed from learning without boundaries to virtual envi- ronments. From the extended classroom to the individual or team immersion in a distrib- uted, virtual, and collaborative environment is an easy conceptual step.

Broadband opamps for multi-channel communication systems have strong demands on linearity performance. When these opamps are integrated in deep sub-micron CMOS technologies, the signal-swing has to occupy a large part of the rather low supply voltage to maintain the signal-to-noise-ratio. To obtain opamps with low distortion it is necessary to do a thorough analysis of the nonlinear behaviour of such circuits and this is the main subject of Design Criteria for Low Distortion in Feedback Opamp Circuits. The biasing of each transistor in the circuit is a major issue and is addressed in this work. It is important to bias the transistor such that the distortion is low and stable in the entire range of its terminal voltages. This will ensure high linearity and robustness against variations in circuit conditions such as power supply voltage, bias current and process variations. Design Criteria for Low Distortion in Feedback Opamp Circuits is written for .

At present, there is an increasing interest in the prediction of properties of classical and new materials such as substitutional alloys, their surfaces, and metallic or semiconductor multilayers. A detailed understanding based on a thus of the utmost importance for fu- microscopic, parameter-free approach is ture developments in solid state physics and materials science. The interrela- tion between electronic and structural properties at surfaces plays a key role for a microscopic understanding of phenomena as diverse as catalysis, corrosion, chemisorption and crystal growth. Remarkable progress has been made in the past 10-15 years in the understand- ing of behavior of ideal crystals and their surfaces by relating their properties to the underlying electronic structure as determined from the first principles. Similar studies of complex systems like imperfect surfaces, interfaces, and mul- tilayered structures seem to be accessible by now. Conventional band-structure methods, however, are of limited use because they require an excessive number of atoms per elementary cell, and are not able to account fully for e.g. substitu- tional disorder and the true semiinfinite geometry of surfaces. Such problems can be solved more appropriately by Green function techniques and multiple scattering formalism.

The past five years have witnessed some dramatic developments in the general area of ferroelectric thin films materials and devices. Ferroelectrics are not new materials by any stretch ofimagination. Indeed, they have been known since the early partofthis century and popular ferroelectric materials such as Barium Titanate have been in use since the second world war. In the late sixties and seventies, a considerable amountofresearch and development effort was made to create a solid state nonvolatile memory using ferroelectrics in a vary simple matrix-addressed scheme. These attempts failed primarily due to problems associated with either the materials ordue to device architectures. The early eighties saw the advent of new materials processing approaches, such as sol-gel processing, that enabled researchers to fabricate sub-micron thin films of ferroelectric materials on a silicon substrate. These pioneering developments signaled the onsetofa revival in the areaofferroelectric thin films, especially ferroelectric nonvolatile memories. Research and development effort in ferroelectric materials and devices has now hit a feverish pitch, Many university laboratories, national laboratories and advanced R&D laboratories oflarge IC manufacturers are deeply involved in the pursuit of ferroelectric device technologies. Many companies worldwide are investing considerable manpower and resources into ferroelectric technologies. Some have already announced products ranging from embedded memories in micro- controllers, low density stand-alone memories, microwave circuit elements, andrf identification tags. There is now considerable optimism that ferroelectric devices andproducts will occupy a significant market-share in the new millennium.

The international market is very competitive for high-tech manufacturers to- day. Achieving competitive quality and reliability for products requires leader- ship from the top, good management practices, effective and efficient operation and maintenance systems, and use of appropriate up-to-date engineering de- sign tools and methods. Furthermore, manufacturing yield and reliability are interrelated. Manufacturing yield depends on the number of defects found dur- ing both the manufacturing process and the warranty period, which in turn determines the reliability. the production of microelectronics has evolved into Since the early 1970's, one of the world's largest manufacturing industries. As a result, an important agenda is the study of reliability issues in fabricating microelectronic products and consequently the systems that employ these products, particularly, the new generation of microelectronics. Such an agenda should include: * the economic impact of employing the microelectronics fabricated by in- dustry, * a study of the relationship between reliability and yield, * the progression toward miniaturization and higher reliability, and * the correctness and complexity of new system designs, which include a very significant portion of software.

High-Frequency Characterization of Electronic Packaging will be of interest to researchers and designers of high-frequency electronic packaging. Understanding high-frequency behavior of packaging is of growing importance due to higher clock-speeds in computers and higher data transmission rates in broadband telecommunication systems. Basic knowledge of the high-frequency behavior of packaging and interconnects is, therefore, indispensable for the design of future telecommunication and computer systems. High-Frequency Characterization of Electronic Packaging gives the reader an insight into how high-frequency characterization of electronic packaging should be done and describes the problems that have to be tackled, especially in performing accurate measurements on modern IC-packages and in determination of circuit models. High-Frequency Characterization of Electronic Packaging is conceived as a comprehensive guide for the start of research and to help in performing high-frequency measurements. Important notions in high- frequency characterization such as S-parameters, calibration, probing, de-embedding and measurement-based modeling are explained. The described techniques are illustrated with several up-to-date examples.

This book provides an upto date information on metric, connection and curva- ture symmetries used in geometry and physics. More specifically, we present the characterizations and classifications of Riemannian and Lorentzian manifolds (in particular, the spacetimes of general relativity) admitting metric (i.e., Killing, ho- mothetic and conformal), connection (i.e., affine conformal and projective) and curvature symmetries. Our approach, in this book, has the following outstanding features: (a) It is the first-ever attempt of a comprehensive collection of the works of a very large number of researchers on all the above mentioned symmetries. (b) We have aimed at bringing together the researchers interested in differential geometry and the mathematical physics of general relativity by giving an invariant as well as the index form of the main formulas and results. (c) Attempt has been made to support several main mathematical results by citing physical example(s) as applied to general relativity. (d) Overall the presentation is self contained, fairly accessible and in some special cases supported by an extensive list of cited references. (e) The material covered should stimulate future research on symmetries. Chapters 1 and 2 contain most of the prerequisites for reading the rest of the book. We present the language of semi-Euclidean spaces, manifolds, their tensor calculus; geometry of null curves, non-degenerate and degenerate (light like) hypersurfaces. All this is described in invariant as well as the index form.

A Flash memory is a Non Volatile Memory (NVM) whose "e;unit cells"e; are fabricated in CMOS technology and programmed and erased electrically. In 1971, Frohman-Bentchkowsky developed a folating polysilicon gate tran- sistor [1, 2], in which hot electrons were injected in the floating gate and removed by either Ultra-Violet (UV) internal photoemission or by Fowler- Nordheim tunneling. This is the "e;unit cell"e; of EPROM (Electrically Pro- grammable Read Only Memory), which, consisting of a single transistor, can be very densely integrated. EPROM memories are electrically programmed and erased by UV exposure for 20-30 mins. In the late 1970s, there have been many efforts to develop an electrically erasable EPROM, which resulted in EEPROMs (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROMs). EEPROMs use hot electron tunneling for program and Fowler-Nordheim tunneling for erase. The EEPROM cell consists of two transistors and a tunnel oxide, thus it is two or three times the size of an EPROM. Successively, the combination of hot carrier programming and tunnel erase was rediscovered to achieve a single transistor EEPROM, called Flash EEPROM. The first cell based on this concept has been presented in 1979 [3]; the first commercial product, a 256K memory chip, has been presented by Toshiba in 1984 [4]. The market did not take off until this technology was proven to be reliable and manufacturable [5].