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It has been known or suspected for centuries that there is an association between mind and emotions and the occurrence of heart disease apd sudden death. During the past fifty years this relationship has become identified with the concept of Stress, a notion developed and popularized by Hans Selye. In recent years there has been an upward surge of interest in stress by scientists in several disciplines and by the general public. Although, books, journal articles, seminars and media programs devoted to stress now abound, the definition, manifestations, mechanisms, and management of stress remain uncertain and controversial. In an attempt to clarify the situation an International Symposium on Stress and Heart Disease was held in Winnipeg, Canada, June 26-29, 1984, and the proceedings form the basis of this book and its companion volume "e;Patho- genesis of Stress-Induced Heart Disease"e;. Although most species which have ever existed are now extinct through countless millenia, the human species has successfully adapted to changing conditions ("e;stressors"e;) such as ice ages, predators and parasites, wars, famine and plague, and now it is coping with rapidly changing social, economic and political circumstances. Such adaptation occurs at all levels of life- at the molecular level within the cell, at the level of the whole cell, in the groups of cells as organs, in the entire organism or individual, and in some cases, in the society in which the individual lives.

The field of electrocardiography is at a cross- roads. We have reached an era in cardiovascular about the electrical state of the heart not likely to be available in any other imaging techniques. medicine where it is claimed that "e;imaging"e; is king. The innovative and useful ultrasound And, in the body surface potential map, we have an imaging technique that goes beyond struc- techniques continue to develop, and, in the wings lie magnetic resonance, position emission, ture-the only other being, perhaps, magnetic resonance, which has the potential for metabolic and, perhaps, other modalities. Consequently, there are those who state that, other than the imaging. Clinical electrocardiography is impor- problems related to cardiac rhythm, electro- tant not only as a diagnostic tool for it can truly cardiography as a discipline is passe. In addi- give insight into the effect of the disease in question on the heart muscle itself. tion, although there is continued superb work in the basic science related to arrhythmias, only Therefore, it seemed now to be appropriate to a handful of scientists are interested in the bring together leaders in the various fields of myocardial source per se. And few scientists are electrocardiography with the only constraint interested in what happens to that myocardial being a concentration on newer concepts and electrical source on its trip from the endo- ideas.

This book is based on the author's Ph.D. dissertation[56]. The the- sis research was conducted while the author was a graduate student in the Department of Computer Science at Rutgers University. The book was pre- pared at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst where the author is currently an Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer and Infor- mation Science. Programs that learn concepts from examples are guided not only by the examples (and counterexamples) that they observe, but also by bias that determines which concept is to be considered as following best from the ob- servations. Selection of a concept represents an inductive leap because the concept then indicates the classification of instances that have not yet been observed by the learning program. Learning programs that make undesir- able inductive leaps do so due to undesirable bias. The research problem addressed here is to show how a learning program can learn a desirable inductive bias.

This book is concerned with advances in serial-data computa- tional architectures, and the CAD tools for their implementation in silicon. The bit-serial tradition at Edinburgh University (EU) stretches back some 6 years to the conception of the FIRST silicon compiler. FIRST owes much of its inspiration to Dick Lyon, then at Xerox P ARC, who proposed a 'structured-design' methodology for construction of signal processing systems from bit-serial building blocks. Based on an nMOS cell-library, FIRST automates much of Lyon's physical design process. More recently, we began to feel that FIRST should be able to exploit more modern technologies. Before this could be achieved, we were faced with a massive manual re-design task, i. e. the porting of FIRST cell-library to a new technology. As it was to avoid such tasks that FIRST was conceived in the first place, we decided to move the level of user-specification much nearer to the silicon level (while still hiding details of transistor circuit design, place and route etc. , from the user), and by so doing, enable the specification of more functionally powerful libraries in technology-free form. The results of this work are in evidence as advances in serial-data design techniques, and the SECOND silicon compiler, introduced later in this book. These achievements could not have been accomplished without help from various sources. We take this opportunity to thank Profs.

One suspects that the people who use computers for their livelihood are growing more "e;sophisticated"e; as the field of computer science evolves. This view might be defended by the expanding use of languages such as C and Lisp in contrast to the languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL. This hypothesis is false however - computer languages are not like natural languages where successive generations stick with the language of their ancestors. Computer programmers do not grow more sophisticated - programmers simply take the time to muddle through the increasingly complex language semantics in an attempt to write useful programs. Of course, these programmers are "e;sophisticated"e; in the same sense as are hackers of MockLisp, PostScript, and Tex - highly specialized and tedious languages. It is quite frustrating how this myth of sophistication is propagated by some industries, universities, and government agencies. When I was an undergraduate at MIT, I distinctly remember the convoluted questions on exams concerning dynamic scoping in Lisp - the emphasis was placed solely on a "e;hacker's"e; view of computation, i. e. , the control and manipulation of storage cells. No consideration was given to the logical structure of programs. Within the past five years, Ada and Common Lisp have become programming language standards, despite their complexity (note that dynamic scoping was dropped even from Common Lisp). Of course, most industries' selection of programming languages are primarily driven by the requirement for compatibility (with previous software) and performance.

From little more than a circuit-theoretical concept in 1965, computer-aided circuit simulation developed into an essential and routinely used design tool in less than ten years. In 1965 it was costly and time consuming to analyze circuits consisting of a half-dozen transistors. By 1975 circuits composed of hundreds of transistors were analyzed routinely. Today, simulation capabilities easily extend to thousands of transistors. Circuit designers use simulation as routinely as they used to use a slide rule and almost as easily as they now use hand-held calculators. However, just as with the slide rule or hand-held calculator, some designers are found to use circuit simulation more effectively than others. They ask better questions, do fewer analyses, and get better answers. In general, they are more effective in using circuit simulation as a design tool. Why? Certainly, design experience, skill, intuition, and even luck contribute to a designer's effectiveness. At the same time those who design and develop circuit simulation programs would like to believe that their programs are so easy and straightforward to use, so well debugged and so efficient that even their own grandmother could design effectively using their program.

Some 25 years ago, the coronary care unit concentrated high technology and the acutely ill patients who might benefit from it in a single, recognizable space. Since then, that space and its technical equipment have changed, as has part of its population. Acute ischemia, silent and manifest, occurs within and outside of the coronary care unit as pain, arrhythmia, or pump failure. Its detection and treatment require the utilization of many diagnostic techniques and skills, not the least of which is two-dimensional Doppler echocardio- graphy, which is gaining importance. Future developments, in tandem with computer technology, may add to this importance by enabling tissue identification, spatial representation, and Doppler flow mapping. This book describes the state of the art for the practicing clinician using Doppler echocardi?graphy at the bedside of patients with acute ischemic manifestations of coronary heart disease. The first requirement is to move from the echo laboratory to the coronary care unit, emergency department, operating room, or catheterization laboratory, using equipment suited for that purpose. The second, more trying imperative is to secure good cooper- Ition between those treating the acutely ill patient and the investigator who interferes with his probes. If successful ceeding in both, rewarding results can be obtained, since echocardiography is a very sensitive and specific tool for recognizing and quantifying early ischemia.

Most of the chapters of this book were written during 1987 which was the Diamond Jubilee year of the publication of the first reports of Newcastle disease in 1927. During the intervening years the nature of the Poultry Industry throughout the World has changed, or is in the process of changing, dramatically from one based on small village or farm flocks, frequently kept as a sideline, to an industry based on large flocks, sometimes consisting of hundreds of thousands of birds, run by multinational companies. To all these flocks, both large and small, Newcastle disease poses a considerable threat to their well-being and profitability and it is not unreasonable to state that hardly a single commercial flock of poultry is raised in the world without Newcastle disease having some effect due to actual disease, prophylactic vaccination or restrictions placed on rearing, movement, processing, sale or export of birds and products. In addition, recent years have produced developments in virology and associated biological technology which would have been unbelievable when Newcastle disease virus was first isolated. The economic importance of Newcastle disease virus and its use as a laboratory model has meant that major advances have been quickly applied to the field situation whenever possible and, as a result, a much fuller understanding, not only of the biochemistry and basic virology of the virus but also the ecology, epizootiology, antigenicity, immunology and other important aspects in the control of the disease has been achieved.

Sir Dominic Corrigan's classic monograph "e;On Permanent Patency of the Mouth of the Aorta, or Inadequacy of the Aortic Valves"e; was published in 1832. Descriptions of aortic regurgitation had previously been published by others, but Corrigan's contribution was so comprehensive that his name is still closely associated with this disorder. He described the physical findings and the underlying gross pathologic anatomy of aortic regurgitation. He recognized that sudden death was not characteristic of aortic regurgitation, as it was in aortic stenosis, and his therapeutic approach was based on firm physiologic principles. In the past 150 years we have expanded Corrigan's work, and we have developed a detailed appreciation of the natural history, pathophysiology, diagnostic methods, and treatment of chronic aortic regurgitation. Fifteen years ago, cardiac catheterization and angiography had already achieved widespread application in the evaluation of aortic regurgitation, but cardiac ultrasound, especially Doppler echocardiography, was in its infancy, and the utility of radionuclide ventriculography was not widely appreciated.

As artificial intelligence (AI) is applied to more complex problems and a wider set of applications, the ability to take advantage of the computational power of distributed and parallel hardware architectures and to match these architec- tures with the inherent distributed aspects of applications (spatial, functional, or temporal) has become an important research issue. Out of these research concerns, an AI subdiscipline called distributed problem solving has emerged. Distributed problem-solving systems are broadly defined as loosely-coupled, distributed networks of semi-autonomous problem-solving agents that perform sophisticated problem solving and cooperatively interact to solve problems. N odes operate asynchronously and in parallel with limited internode commu- nication. Limited internode communication stems from either inherent band- width limitations of the communication medium or from the high computa- tional cost of packaging and assimilating information to be sent and received among agents. Structuring network problem solving to deal with consequences oflimited communication-the lack of a global view and the possibility that the individual agents may not have all the information necessary to accurately and completely solve their subproblems-is one of the major focuses of distributed problem-solving research. It is this focus that also is one of the important dis- tinguishing characteristics of distributed problem-solving research that sets it apart from previous research in AI.

examples are presented. These chapters are intended to introduce the reader to the programs. The program structure and models used will be described only briefly. Since these programs are in the public domain (with the exception of the parasitic simulation programs), the reader is referred to the manuals for more details. In this second edition, the process program SUPREM III has been added to Chapter 2. The device simulation program PISCES has replaced the program SIFCOD in Chapter 3. A three-dimensional parasitics simulator FCAP3 has been added to Chapter 4. It is clear that these programs or other programs with similar capabilities will be indispensible for VLSI/ULSI device developments. Part B of the book presents case studies, where the application of simu- lation tools to solve VLSI device design problems is described in detail. The physics of the problems are illustrated with the aid of numerical simulations. Solutions to these problems are presented. Issues in state-of-the-art device development such as drain-induced barrier lowering, trench isolation, hot elec- tron effects, device scaling and interconnect parasitics are discussed. In this second edition, two new chapters are added. Chapter 6 presents the methodol- ogy and significance of benchmarking simulation programs, in this case the SUPREM III program. Chapter 13 describes a systematic approach to investi- gate the sensitivity of device characteristics to process variations, as well as the trade-otIs between different device designs.