Bücher veröffentlicht von University Press of the Pacific

The strategic air campaign against Iraq engaged organizers from diverse disciplines with diverse views. That the storm, when it broke, lasted just forty-three days is a tribute not only to those who planned it, but also to those who executed it. The strategic air campaign, the focus of this volume, the second in the account of the United States Air Force's participation in the Persian Gulf War, began with a spectacular nighttime attack by Coalition aircraft against the capital city of Baghdad. This attack, seen by the world, occurred in concert with bomb and missile attacks against outlying command, control, and communications nodes and the electrical grid supporting them. The strategic air campaign also targeted Iraq's chemical and biological weapons production and the sites of nuclear reactors. The strategic bombing campaign against Iraq's aircraft shelters, particularly successful, is recounted in this volume, as is the Coalition's effort to prevent the launching by Iraq of Scud missiles toward her Arab and Israeli neighbors. The author has done a thorough job of utilizing the documentation produced by the Air Stall; the Ninth Air Force, and the former Strategic and Tactical Air Commands to describe the evolution of the combined command structure in Saudi Arabia. He has also conducted numerous valuable interviews with key USAF personnel and obtained much detailed information about the interactions among the participants whose responsibility it was to organize the campaign to free Kuwait. He exhaustively analyzes events and issues that preceded the execution of the strategic air war -operationally, Instant Thunder- and the rationale behind the selection of core strategic target sets -enemy centers of gravity. The author, Dr. Richard G. Davis, joined the USAF history program in 1980, transferring to the Air Staff History Branch in 1985 and to the Histories Division in 1990. He has published several articles on World War II strategic bombing and a military biography on one of the USAF's leading practitioners of strategic bombing, General Carl A. Spaatz. Davis became familiar with modern service programs and doctrine by covering the Program Objective Memorandum and issues surrounding the interservice agreements known as the "31 Initiatives" from 1985 to 1990.

CONTENTSAcknowledgmentsChapter I. Living in SpaceBackgroundA Framework for Forecasting Guiding Assumptions Theoretical Orientation The Available DataSpace Environments The Physical Environment The Social Environment Basic Reactions to Space-like Environments Temporal FluctuationsSummary and ConclusionsChapter II. Behavioral and Selection Implications of Biomedical ChangesPhysiological Deconditioning Simulation Studies Resistance to Deconditioning CountermeasuresVestibular Alterations Manifestations and Theory Resistance to Vestibular Effects CountermeasuresVisual ChangesSummary and ConclusionsChapter III. HabitabilityBackgroundThe Physical Environment Interior Space Food Hygiene Temperature and Humidity Decor and Lighting Odor NoiseHealth and Leisure Recreation ExercisePrivacy Meaning and Functions Theory Bases of Needs Mechanisms Crowding Territoriality Privacy in SpaceComplex Effects Multiple Stressors AftereffectsSummary and ConclusionsChapter IV. PerformanceDescribing Performance Work Requirements in Space Human Performance AbilitiesAssessment of Human Performance Discrete-task Assessment Techniques Multiple-task Batteries Partial- and Full-scale Simulation In-flight Performance Assessment Future Focus of Research on Performance AssessmentIssues in Astronaut Work Regimes Factors Affecting Work Capacity Factors Affecting Work Schedules Factors Affecting Workload The Effects of Desynchronosis Sleep DisturbancesSummary and ConclusionsChapter V. Small GroupsIntroductionIndividual Characteristics and Crew Compatibility Gender Age Culture Personal Attractiveness Emotional Stability Competence Cooperativeness Social Versatility Similarities and Complementarities Group Homeostasis Crew Size and Social Compatibility Assembling GroupsInterpersonal Dynamics Leadership Cohesiveness Compliance, Conformity, and Independence Group Performance Temporal DynamicsSummary and ConclusionsChapter VI. CommunicationIntroductionDirect Interpersonal Communication Verbal Communication Nonverbal CommunicationMediated Communication Planning Considerations Systems Requirements Systems Effects Application to SpaceCommunication Networks Internal Communication External CommunicationSummary and ConclusionsChapter VII. CrisesIntroductionExternally Precipitated Crises Experience in Space Individual Response to Threat Group Processes Implications for SpaceInternally Precipitated Crises Psychological Episodes Transcendant Experiences Substance Abuse Grief Crisis Intervention Implications for SpaceSummary and ConclusionsChapter VIII. Organization and ManagementIntroductionSpacecrew Structure Power Structures Work Roles Normative StructuresMotivation Rewards SanctionsExternal Relations Boundary Roles Interorganizational Conflict Models of Conflict Management ReassimilationSummary and ConclusionsChapter IX. Summary and RecommendationsPurposeChapter SummariesDirections for Future Research General Research Issues Extended Spaceflight Variables Competing Perspectives Neglected Research AreasResearch Opportunities Situations and Environments Methods and ApproachesConclusionsReferencesAuthor IndexSubject Index

The influence of space power pervades almost every sphere and level of human existence, from politics to military affairs to commercial activities to cultural mind-sets. Yet there is little to be found today in the way of coherent space power doctrine and strategy, particularly in national security circles. To what extent do our national interests rely on space? How shall we defend our interests in space and how shall we deny our adversaries the benefits of space power in time of conflict? How can we control and exploit the space environment? How can we effectively wield space power against the full spectrum of threats -- from the lone terrorist to global peer competitors? What should be our long-range strategy and objectives if our goal is to achieve and maintain long-term space superiority? The purpose of this paper is two fold: first, to illuminate the historical and ever-increasing importance of space in modern society; and second, to prescribe, in view of this importance, the foundations of a strategy for achieving lasting space superiority and ensuring national and world security.

This biography of Maj Gen Haywood S. Hansell Jr. provides an in-depth look at the life and career of one of airpower's pioneer thinkers. General Hansell's professional life was devoted to the theory and practice of strategic airpower -- the single most controversial military debate of the twentieth century. Hansell believed that wars could and should be won through precision bombing of military and industrial/commercial targets, a theory and practice that the United States Army Air Forces abandoned during World War II because of the dictates of existing technology, the demands of combat, and the fact that the passions of war swept away any moral concerns involving strategic bombing. Nevertheless, Hansell's main contribution to air doctrine was the concept that through selective targeting and an ability to place the bombs on those targets, airpower could win wars by crippling an enemy's ability to supply his forces and without causing wanton death and destruction. The author believes that the Persian Gulf War went a long way toward proving Hansell's theories to be correct.

CONTENTSIntroduction"Designing Around" I: The "War of Attrition," Success or Failure? Balance of Interests Competing Hypotheses Egypt's and Israel's Interests During the War of Attrition Egypt's and Israel's Strategies and Secondary Interests Egypt's Perception of Israel's Strategic and Reputational Interests The Balance of Capability Competing Hypotheses Stein's Critique of Egypt's Strategy The Balance of Capability in the War of Attrition Israel's Use of Its Air Force The Relationship Between Strategy and Objectives in Egypt's Strategy The Role of Opportunity in Egypt's Decisions to Challenge Reputations Why did Egypt Challenge Despite Israel's Reputation for Brinkmanship? Did Egypt Miscalculate Israel's Capacity for Endurance? Recreating Reputation-for-Capability in the War of Attrition The Competition of General Reputations with Other Interests Crisis Bargaining Behavior Competing Hypotheses Why Were Costly Signals Uninformative? The Failure of Reassurance to Produce Deterrence Stability Conclusion: "Designing Around," Success or Failure?"Designing Around" II: The Yom Kippur War, Success or Failure? Egypt's Goals and Strategy Stein's Critique The Balance of Capability Crisis Bargaining Behavior Success or FailureConclusionNotesAbout the Author

In light of the age-old belief of Confucius that no idea is new, Dr. Mets examines the role of Colonel Warden in the Gulf War to determine if a revolution in military affairs had occurred. He relies on several twentieth-century antecedents to Warden, including Giulio Douhet, Hugh Trenchard, and Billy Mitchell to distill a pattern. Mets also addresses whether "the argument that antedated the Gulf War to the effect that such conflicts between states using conventional weapons and methods are a pressing phenomenon." Chapter 6, the concluding chapter, provides an overview of Mets's discussion.

In November 1940, 44 young military cadets graduated from the first Army Air Corps Navigational Class at Miami University in Coral Gables, Florida. The cadets came from all parts of the United States-from the urban areas of the East Coast, westward to the Appalachian Mountains, to the Midwest and prairie states, to the Rocky Mountains, and the West Coast. These young men came from the inner cities, the farmlands, the mountains, and coastal regions, and they were all volunteers. Most were college-educated and in the prime of life. World War II was raging in Europe and it was becoming increasingly difficult for the United States to remain neutral. A few farsighted men in our small Army Air Corps saw the essential requirement for trained celestial navigators in our military aircraft. The instructor for this navigational class was a 34-year-old high school dropout by the name of Charles J. Lunn. Charlie Lunn had first learned the art of celestial navigation aboard freighter ships in the Caribbean and later as the navigator aboard Pan American Airline planes flying to Europe and Asia. This book was written by one of those young navigators, Edgar D. Whitcomb, from Hayden, Indiana. Ed Whitcomb tells about these young comrades-in-arms and draws vivid word portraits of them as we learn of their assignments to Air Corps units. We learn how they survived and how some died in World War II. We learn about Ed's own pre-Pearl Harbor assignment with the 19th Bombardment Group at Clark Field in the Philippines and the unfortunate, and perhaps inexcusable, decision not to deploy our B-17 Flying Fortress bombers immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor resulting in the loss of 40 percent of those aircraft as they sat parked at Clark Field when the Japanese destroyed that vital military air base on the afternoon of 8 December 1941. Charles J. Mott, Colonel, USAR, Retired

This guide provides step-by-step advice on how to create and maintain a comprehensive emergency management program. It can be used by manufacturers, corporate offices, retailers, utilities or any organization where a sizable number of people work or gather. Whether you operate from a high-rise building or an industrial complex; whether you own, rent or lease your property; whether you are a large or small company; the concepts in this guide will apply. To begin, you need not have in-depth knowledge of emergency management. What you need is the authority to create a plan and a commitment from the chief executive officer to make emergency management part of your corporate culture. If you already have a plan, use this guide as a resource to assess and update your plan.

Conflict Resolution Education: A Guide to Implementing Programs in Schools, Youth-Serving Organizations, and Community and Juvenile Justice Settings was developed for educators, juvenile justice practitioners, and others in youth-serving organizations to heighten awareness of conflict resolution education and its potential to help settle disputes peacefully in a variety of settings. A joint project of the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Department of Education, this Guide provides background information on conflict resolution education; an overview of four widely used, promising, and effective approaches; and guidance on how to initiate and implement conflict resolution education programs in various settings.As adults, we cannot solve young people's problems for them. We can, however, provide them with the knowledge, skills, and encouragement to resolve conflicts in a nonviolent manner, using words instead of fists or weapons. Conflict resolution education includes negotiation, mediation, and consensus decisionmaking, which allow all parties involved to explore peaceful solutions to a conflict. When these problem-solving processes to conflict and strife become a way of life, young people begin to value getting along instead of getting even or getting their way.

This field manual provides commanders and staffs with general information and technical data concerning chemical and biological agents and other compounds of military interest. It discusses the use; the classification; and the physical, chemical, and physiological properties of these agents and compounds. It also discusses protection and decontamination of these agents. In addition, it discusses their symptoms and the treatment of those symptoms.

Fuel cells are an important technology for a potentially wide variety of applications including micropower, auxiliary power, transportation power, stationary power for buildings and other distributed generation applications, and central power. These applications will be in a large number of industries worldwide.This edition of the Fuel Cell Handbook is more comprehensive than previous versions in that it includes several changes. First, calculation examples for fuel cells are included for the wide variety of possible applications. This includes transportation and auxiliary power applications for the first time. In addition, the handbook includes a separate section on alkaline fuel cells. The intermediate temperature solid-state fuel cell section is being developed. In this edition, hybrids are also included as a separate section for the first time. Hybrids are some of the most efficient power plants ever conceived and are actually being demonstrated. Finally, an updated list of fuel cell URLs is included in the Appendix and an updated index assists the reader in locating specific information quickly.

ntroduction to Highway Hydraulics provides an introduction to highway hydraulics. Hydrologic techniques presented concentrate on methods suitable to small areas, since many components of highway drainage (culverts, storm drains, ditches, etc) service primarily small areas. A brief review of fundamental hydraulic concepts is provided, including continuity, energy, momentum, hydrostatics, weir flow and orifice flow. The book then presents open channel flow principles and design applications, followed by a parallel discussion of closed conduit principles and design applications. Open channel applications include discussion of stable channel design and pavement drainage. Closed conduit applications include culvert and storm drain design. Examples are provided to help illustrate important concepts. An overview of energy dissipators is provided and the document concludes with a brief discussion of construction, maintenance and economic issues. As the title suggests, Introduction to Highway Hydraulics provides only an introduction to the design of highway drainage facilities and should be particularly useful for designers and engineers without extensive drainage training or experience.

This manual is intended as a basic training manual for men of the Navy and Naval Reserve whose duties require them to have a knowledge of servosystems and associated devices. It is assumed that the student studying this manual is familiar with basic electricity, basic electronics, the theory of electron tubes, semiconductor devices, power supplies, and amplifiers. Chapters 2 and 3 of this training manual discuss Navy synchro units. Chapter 2 describes the general construction of the units, explains how they are classified and marked, and discusses the basic principles upon which they operate. Chapter 3 presents information relating to multi-speed units, standard connections, and zeroing procedures. This chapter also includes material concerning other units similar to synchros, such as IC synchros, resolvers, and step-by-step units. Chapter 4 discusses the operation and applications of servosystems. The basic open and closed loop systems are described, and the various types of error detectors and servoamplifiers used with the systems are discussed. Gyroscopic principles, and the common types of gyro units used in the Navy are discussed in chapter 5. Also included in this chapter is a discussion on the basic types of accelerometers used in shipboard and aircraft systems. Chapter 6 presents a basic functional description of some of the shipboard and aircraft systems that utilize the various types of components discussed in this training manual.

From the earliest days of the Republic, the United States Army has not just maintained the national defense but has also performed a wide variety of peacetime missions. Army officers helped explore the West, Army engineers built early flood control systems, and Army pilots flew the first airmail routes. The Army Medical Department in particular has long aided the civilian community. Its members regularly contributed to the advancement of medical knowledge and in special situations provided health care for civilians. The Demands of Humanity examines one aspect of that direct assistance, medical aid rendered during natural disasters. Discussing help given both at home and abroad, this third volume in the Special Studies Series examines the origin of the relief mission in the nineteenth century and recounts its history to 1976. With their special expertise in public health and the treatment of mass casualties, Army medical personnel during these years compiled an impressive record of assistance. After the Spanish-American War, Army doctors made medical history in their campaigns against epidemic diseases in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. In times of twentieth century floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, famines, and epidemics, Army medical personnel aided individuals and furnished stricken communities valuable advice on sanitation and health care. The Demands of Humanity chronicles the humanitarian contribution made by Army doctors, nurses, and medical corpsmen during disaster situations. It also examines the problems their units encountered in relief operations and explains the development of the Army's assistance role. It thereby contributes not only to the often-neglected history of the peacetime role of the military but to the history of social welfare policy in the United States as well. James L. Collins, Jr. Brigadier General, USA Chief of Military History

For nearly fifty years, citizen airmen have served in the nation's defense as members of the Air Force Reserve. Citizen Airmen: A History of the Air Force Reserve, 1946-1994 begins with the fledgling air reserve program initiated in 1916, traces its progress through World War II, and then concentrates on the period 1946 through 1994. The study skillfully describes the process by which a loosely organized program evolved into today's impressive force. The Air Force Reserve story is told within the context of national political and military policy and stresses that over the decades, as national needs have increased, reservists have met the challenges. Initially, the Air Force treated its reserve units as supplemental forces and equipped them with surplus equipment. Shortly after the Air Force Reserve was established in 1948, its members mobilized for Korean War duty and they served throughout the conflict. The Reserve program subsequently fell into disarray and required patient rebuilding. The passage of a series of key federal laws related to personnel issues and the introduction of the air reserve technician program greatly assisted in this rejuvenation process. In the 1960s, the Air Force Reserve demonstrated its mettle as it participated in numerous mobilizations reflecting the Cold War tensions of the era. Reservists were involved in operations ranging from the Berlin Crisis of 1961-1962 to the Southeast Asia mobilizations in 1968. In the 1970s, the Air Force Reserve program assumed heightened importance when the Department of Defense adopted the Total Force Policy. This concept treated the active forces, the National Guard, and all reserve forces as an integrated force. Reservists were now expected to meet the same readiness standards as their active duty counterparts. Since then, the Air Force Reserve has demonstrated its ability to perform a wide variety of missions. Air Reservists participated in American military operations in Grenada and Panama. During DESERT SHIELD and STORM, some 23,500 reservists were mobilized for service. They performed in combat in the Persian Gulf and provided vital support services at overseas locations. Stateside, they served at home stations or other locations in place of deployed active duty personnel. Today, the Air Force Reserve performs major portions of the Air Force mission. Reservists are equipped with front-line weapons systems and have supported United Nations operations in Somalia, Bosnia, Rwanda, and Iraq. They have exclusive responsibility for aerial spray operations and weather reconnaissance and they contribute large portions of the airlift and rescue missions. Reservists may also be found performing humanitarian medical missions and varied nation-building projects.

This report presents the analyses, findings, and conclusions of OTA's study of the Federal program for the management of nonnuclear industrial hazardous waste --an issue that has now reached national prominence and widespread congressional attention. OTA's findings and conclusions concerning the technical components of the Federal hazardous waste program complement current activities which have focused more on administrative problems and issues. Our work offers a number of opportunities, at this critical time, for examining solutions to national hazardous waste problems. In conducting the study, OTA analyzed a wide range of views --from the technical community, industrial sectors which generate hazardous waste, the waste management industry, the environmental community, State and local officials, Federal agencies, and the lay public. As a result of that effort, OTA identified four policy options --beyond maintaining the current Federal program-- which could form the basis for an immediate and comprehensive approach to protecting human health and the environment from the dangers posed by mismanagement of hazardous waste. One near-term option addresses the means to improve the technical effectiveness of the current regulatory structure. The other near-term option provides a nonregulatory or market approach to achieving a number of desired goals. Both of these options are compatible with the two longer term options, one of which deals with introducing waste and facility classifications into the regulatory structure, and the other which focuses on achieving greater integration of Federal programs, agencies, and statutes concerned with hazardous waste.

The National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence was created in 1998 at the request of Attorney General Janet Reno. When she read about the use of DNA to exonerate someone wrongfully convicted of rape and homicide, she became concerned that others might also have been wrongly convicted. The Attorney General then directed the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) to identify how often DNA had exonerated wrongfully convicted defendants. After extensive study, NIJ published the report Convicted by Juries, Exonerated by Science: Case Studies in the Use of DNA Evidence to Establish Innocence After Trial, which presents case studies of 28 inmates for whom DNA analysis was exculpatory.On learning of the breadth and scope of the issues related to forensic DNA, the Attorney General asked NIJ to establish the Commission as a means to examine the future of DNA evidence and how the Justice Department could encourage its most effective use. The Commission was appointed by the former Director of the National Institute of Justice, Jeremy Travis, and represents the broad spectrum of the criminal justice system. Chaired by the Honorable Shirley S. Abrahamson, Chief Justice of the Wisconsin State Supreme Court, the Commission consists of representatives from the prosecution, the defense bar, law enforcement, the scientific community, the medical examiner community, academia, and victims' rights organizations.

Since 1902, the year of the production of The Admirable Critchon, Sir J. M. Barrie has been one of the most interesting figures in the British Theatre. No other dramatist has given so much delight to so many people and at the same time lived so apart from public life. The newspaper interviewer has long regarded him as morbidly elusive, nor has the most determined roar of "Author!" yet succeeded in drawing him into the glare of the footlights Born on May 9th, 1860, at Kirriemuir, in Forfarshire, and educated at Dumfries Academy and Edinburgh University, Sir J. M. Barrie has made the village of Kirriemuir famous throughout the English speaking world as "Thrums", but London has been the scene and center of most of his triumphs. His writings, whether novels or plays, have been as popular in America as at home. For the rest, our author would probably insist that his most illustrious days have been those on which he has played cricket at Lord's; the fact that J. M. Barrie's first comedy had a country cricketer for its hero and a budding one for its 'juvenile comedy' was as characteristic of him as anything he has ever written.

The story of that delirious outburst in the United States against resident aliens which closely followed the World War and was generally known as "the Red Crusade," is a careful condensation, by the author, of an unpublished manuscript of his in which the events, described in greater detail, are verified by citations in support of every important statement. The personal phases of the narrative are necessitated by the circumstances, as readers will readily see. Its appalling facts are pregnant with wholesome lessons in the fundamental principles of Americanism. Louis Freeland Post was a well respected journalist, lawyer, publicist, economist, author of many books, and Undersecretary of Labor in the Woodrow Wilson administration. He died in Washington, D.C., in 1928.

"In outlining the sequence of our material, we deemed it necessary to show ways of eliminating functional disorders of the higher nervous activity of man by psychotherapeutic methods. In this our investigations were concerned both with the nearest subcortical region and the two signal systems of reality, the normal co-ordination of which underlies the healthy personality, the integrity of our 'ego.' . "The object of our monograph is to show precisely what psychotherapy can and does effect under certain conditions. Not only somatologists but frequently even psychiatrists, have inadequate knowledge of the efficacy of psychotherapy. In order that the methods of psychotherapy be extensively introduced into medical practice, we need facts directly testifying to its efficacy. It has been our object to give these facts since, according to Pavlov, 'facts are the breath of life for the scientist.' At the same time, we intended to acquaint the reader with our methods of studying and employing psychotherapy on the basis of Pavlov's teachings."

Mapping the Global Future: Report of the National Intelligence Council's 2020 Project is the third unclassified report prepared by the National Intelligence Council (NIC) in recent years that takes a long-term view of the future. It offers a fresh look at how key global trends might develop over the next decade and a half to influence world events. Mindful that there are many possible "futures," our report offers a range of possibilities and potential discontinuities, as a way of opening our minds to developments we might otherwise miss.As I used to say to my students at Princeton, linear analysis will get you a much-changed caterpillar, but it won't get you a butterfly. For that you need a leap of imagination. We hope this project, and the dialogue it stimulates, will help us make that leap --not to predict the world of 2020, which is clearly beyond our capacity-- but to better prepare for the kinds of challenges that may lie ahead.--- Robert L. Hutchings

The Approach to the Philippines covers a series of seven complex amphibious and ground operations along the northern coast of New Guinea during the period April-October 1944, in the Southwest Pacific Area, and the capture of the southern Palau Islands, September-November 1944, in the Central Pacific Area. These operations paved the way for the Allied invasion of the Philippines in the late fall of 1944. The Approach to the Philippines covers all activities-ground, air, and naval-necessary for adequate understanding of the Army ground narrative. The nature of combat usually involved a series of coordinated but separate operations by regimental combat teams. Divisions seldom fought as integral units during the approach to the Philippines. The operations involved all the mechanics of amphibious warfare in 1944-strategic and logistical planning, naval gunfire, carrier-based and land-based air support, infantry maneuver, small-unit actions, artillery support, tank actions, tactical supply ashore, medical problems, and civil affairs. The series of operations described was unique, and the problems of execution involved were vastly complicated by the fact that they were executed in rapid succession. While one was being planned, another was being launched, the height of combat was being reached in a third, and still others had entered a consolidation stage. Basically, The Approach to the Philippines becomes a story of joint operations from the highest to the lowest levels. Pertinent information about strategic planning by the Combined and Joint Chiefs of Staff is included to fit the tactical narrative into its proper perspective in the global war. At theater level the problems of joint planning, command, and organization for amphibious operations are covered in detail. At the tactical level may be found the story of a U.S. Army infantry company advancing along a coastal strand with the support of a U.S. Navy PT boat, while a fighter-bomber of the Royal Australian Air Force orbited overhead, ready to dive-bomb or strafe targets that the ground and naval units could not destroy. Or there is the story of a U.S. Navy destroyer and guns aboard amphibious craft manned by U.S. Army engineers that covered the withdrawal of an Army infantry battalion, while Army Air Forces planes protected all three elements. Finally, the plans and actions of the enemy are covered, principally from Japanese records.