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When the Special Committee began its work in January 1973, there was no basic study outlining the use of emergency powers in the United States from the time of the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention to the present. To fill this scholarly gap, we asked Dr. Harold Relyea of the Library of Congress to write a chronological history of the American government in times of emergency. This is a valuable study. The great crises of American history are highlighted; so are the mechanisms of administration by which the Federal Government--all three branches--met particular emergency situations. Especially significant are the experiences and legacies of Shay's Rebellion, the Civil War, labor strikes of the late 19th century, and both World Wars. The contemporary situation is more complicated. The United States has been in a state of national emergency since March 9, 1933. In fact, there are now in effect four Presidentially proclaimed states of national emergency. In addition to the banking emergency declared by President Roosevelt, there is also the national emergency proclaimed by President Truman on December 16, 1950, during the Korean conflict, plus the states of national emergency declared by President Nixon on March 23, 1970, and August 15, 1971. Concomitantly, especially since the days of the 1933 economic emergency, it has been Congress' habit to delegate extensive emergency authority--which continues even when the emergency has passed--and not to set a terminating date. The United States thus has on the books at least 470 significant emergency powers statutes without time limitations delegating to the Executive extensive discretionary powers, ordinarily exercised by the Legislature, which affect the lives of American citizens in a host of all-encompassing ways. This vast range of powers, taken together, confer enough authority to rule this country without reference to normal constitutional processes. These laws make no provision for congressional oversight nor do they reserve to Congress a means for terminating the "temporary" emergencies which trigger them into use. No wonder the distinguished political scientist, the late Clinton Rossiter, entitled his post-World War II study on modern democratic states, "Constitutional Dictatorship." Emergency government has become the norm. The Special Committee has undertaken a study of the states of national emergency in which we now find ourselves, and the plethora of emergency powers, including Executive Orders and other presidential directives, classified and unclassified, that Congress and the Executive have brought into being over the years. The Special Committee has also been examining the consequences of terminating the declared states of national emergency that now prevail; to recommend what steps Congress should take to insure that the termination can be accomplished without adverse effect upon the necessary tasks of governing; and, also, to recommend ways in which the United States can meet future emergency situations with speed and effectiveness but without relinquishment of congressional oversight and control. Dr. Relyea's study provides the Special Committee and the public an informative and useful background to the present quandry in which we now find ourselves.Frank ChurchCharles McC. Mathias, Jr.Co-Chairmen

No name in history lies deeper in Swedish hearts than the name Gustavus Vasa. Liberator of Sweden from the yoke of Denmark, and founder of one of the foremost dynasties of Europe, his people during more than three centuries have looked back fondly to the figure of their great ruler, and cherished with tender reverence every incident in his romantic history. This enthusiasm for Gustavus Vasa is more than sentiment; it belongs to him as leader in a vast political upheaval. When Gustavus came upon the stage, the Swedish people had long been groaning under a foreign despotism. During more than a century their political existence had been ignored, their rights as freemen trampled in the dust. They had at last been goaded into a spirit of rebellion, and were already struggling to be free. What they most needed was a leader with courage to summon them to arms, and with perseverance to keep them in the field. Possessing these traits beyond all others, Gustavus called his people forth to war, and finally brought them through the war to victory. This revolution extended over a period of seven years,-from the uprising of the Dalesmen in 1521 to the coronation of Gustavus in 1528. It is a period that should be of interest, not only to the student of history, but also to the lover of romance. In order to render the exact nature of the struggle clear, I have begun the narrative at a time considerably before the revolution, though I have not entered deeply into details till the beginning of the war in 1521. By the middle of the year 1523, when Gustavus was elected king, actual warfare had nearly ceased, and the scenes of the drama change from the battle-field to the legislative chamber. In this period occurred the crowning act of the revolution; namely, the banishment of the Romish Church and clergy. The history of the Swedish Revolution has never before been written in the English language. Even Gustavus Vasa is but little known outside his native land.

The papered and bordered wall was an important feature of American interiors during the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries. Paper hangings, both imported and of domestic manufacture, were more widely used than many of our restored buildings might lead us to believe. In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, not only were American walls whitewashed, painted, and "wainscoted," but they were also hung with a variety of materials. An English visitor of 1750, James Birket, commented on the number of rooms in Newport, Rhode Island, that were hung with printed canvas and paper. There is also documentation in the 18th century for the use of leather and textile wall hangings in this country. As early as 1700, wallpapers were recorded among the stock of a Boston merchant, and by the late 18th century, paper hangings were available to the middle class as well as to the rich. American advertisers claimed that "the low prices at which they will be sold will make papering cheaper than whitewashing." Easily transported, papers were available at surprisingly early dates not only in the seaboard urban centers, but also in the back country. During the 1840's, industrialization transformed the business of producing wallpapers and made them affordable in the average household. An appetite for papers was stimulated by manufacturers: their advertisements in this period promoted wallpaper for use in churches, banks, and offices, as well as in houses. The resulting popularity of patterned walls is reflected in statistics of soaring production. In 1840, observers of the industry reported that this country produced two million rolls of paper. By the 1880's paper was the standard wall finish and production rose to 100 million rolls in 1890. This wallpaper craze continued until World War I, for almost every imaginable use, from nursery to butcher shops. Architects increasingly specified wallpapers for their designs, and many examples of the late 19th-century period survive both on site and in photographs. Today, wallpaper is rarely given adequate consideration in the restoration of interiors. However, it should be remembered that 18th- and 19th-century owners, architects, and builders may have visualized certain spatial effects of light, warmth, mood, and proportion dependent on the use of wallpaper--effects which are completely distorted when the walls are painted a solid color. Therefore, attempts to create rooms in restored houses require careful consideration of the appropriate interior wall finish. The likelihood that wallpaper may have been used should be recognized and investigated. Whether the objective is to accurately restore an interior to a specific date, or to convey the feeling of a period, wallpaper can contribute positively to the overall success of a restoration. Striving for an accurate restoration, a high level of objectivity must be maintained and the evidence carefully considered. There are some pitfalls to avoid in choosing the paper. Not just any paper will achieve the proper historical ambience, and finding the proper documented paper is not always easy. Many expensively restored late 19th-century rooms have been unwittingly papered with reproductions of distinctly 18th-century patterns which were readily available. The personal tastes of the board of directors, local decorators, influential donors or volunteer committees can pose great problems. Often, after professional research reveals the actual paper that was used in a room, the results are ignored by members of an influential committee who consider the paper ugly and therefore "inappropriate." The impulse to decorate in conformity with 20th-century taste is commonly allowed to prevail, but should be suppressed. If paper is to be hung, patterns consistent with any evidence found in situ, or contemporary to the restoration target date and the type of room, should be care fully chosen.

Leander Stillwell was typical of thousands of Northern boys who answered President Lincoln's call for volunteers. In January 1862, only a few months past his 18th birthday, and only after he and his father had sowed the wheat, gathered the corn and cut the winter firewood, Stillwell left his family's log cabin in the Jersey County backwoods of western Illinois and enlisted in Company D of the 61st Illinois Infantry Regiment. For three and a half years he served in the Western theater of operations as a noncommissioned officer before being mustered out as a lieutenant in September 1865. His first---and biggest---battle, Shiloh, was the one he remembered most vividly. He also took part in skirmishes in Tennessee and Arkansas, as well as the Siege of Vicksburg. In The Story of a Common Soldier Stillwell tells of his Army experiences, as critic H. L. Mencken observed admiringly in a review, "in plain, straightforward American, naked and unashamed, without any of the customary strutting and bawling." Small for his age and given to taking solitary walks in the woods beyond the picket lines, Stillwell was nevertheless an enthusiastic and obedient soldier. "Just a little mortifying," was Stillwell's reaction when his regiment missed two battles because it had been left to guard a town in Tennessee. But, he hastened to add, "the common soldier can only obey orders, and stay where he is put, and doubtless it was all for the best."

Since 1958 the Maritime Administration has continuously conducted instructions in use of collision avoidance radar for qualified U.S. seafaring personnel and representatives of interested Federal and State Agencies. Beginning in 1963, to facilitate the expansion of training capabilities and at the same time to provide the most modern techniques in training methods, radar simulators were installed in Maritime Administration's three region schools. It soon became apparent that to properly instruct the trainees, even with the advanced equipment, a standardize up-to-date instruction manual was needed. The first manual was later revised to serve both as a classroom textbook and as an onboard reference handbook. This newly updated manual, the fourth revision, in keeping with Maritime Administration policy, has been restructured to include improved and more effective methods of plotting techniques for use in Ocean, Great Lakes, Coastwise and Inland Waters navigation.Robert J. BlackwellAssistant Secretary for Maritime Affairs

The origin of this volume and the symposium proceedings it records can be traced to the deliberations of the National Academy of Sciences' Animal Orientation and Tracking Committee of the 1969 Space Biology Summer Study at Santa Cruz, California, whose members pointed to the potential role of satellites and recent bioengineering developments as a means of gaining information about the many questions of animal travel, particularly the mechanisms involved in long-distance navigational ability. Coming several years since its predecessor conferences, at a time of a new popularization of ecology and a growing availability of advanced technology, the Wallops Station symposium reflected its temporal and geographic setting. The papers and discussions of this volume contrast the classical approaches to phenomena of ancient interest, the beginnings made in applying satellite technology, and the conceptual and methodological advances in experimental biology which have taken place in the past few years. The range of species, sensory modalities, and methodologies provide the reader with a substantial sample of the developments in this field and with the basis for predicting, to some degree, its future course. Already apparent is the combining of field observations made under highly variable natural conditions with analytic, manipulative laboratory methods. A greater precision in the experimental questions now being posed is making their solution increasingly susceptible to neurophysiological and behavioral techniques for isolating the variables, both internal and environmental, which control this class of behavior. Whether the mechanisms of orientation and navigation will yield to the current array of approaches addressed to specific questions or must await a more general understanding of brain function, there is little doubt that this symposium will have had a significant effect on the research to be reported whenever the participants in this field again assemble to assess their progress.Richard E. BellevilleBioscience Programs

"Los fundamentos del leninismo: el tema es vasto. Para agotarlo, haria falta un libro entero. Mas aun: haria falta toda una serie de libros. Por eso es natural que mis conferencias no puedan ser consideradas como una exposicion completa del leninismo. Seran tan solo, en el mejor de los casos, un resumen sucinto de los fundamentos del leninismo. No obstante, estimo util hacer este resumen, a fin de ofrecer algunos puntos fundamentales de partida, necesarios para estudiar con fruto el leninismo. Exponer los fundamentos del leninismo no es aun exponer los fundamentos de la concepcion del mundo de Lenin. La concepcion del mundo de Lenin y los fundamentos del leninismo no son, por su volumen, una y la misma cosa. Lenin es marxista, y la base de su concepcion del mundo es, naturalmente, el marxismo. Pero de esto no se desprende, en modo alguno, que la exposicion del leninismo deba comenzar por la de los fundamentos del marxismo. Exponer el leninismo es exponer lo que hay de peculiar y de nuevo en las obras de Lenin, lo aportado por Lenin al tesoro general del marxismo y lo que esta asociado a su nombre de modo natural. Solo en este sentido hablare en mis conferencias de los fundamentos del leninismo."--- Josef Stalin

A treatment on an extended scale of Dryden's non-dramatic verse, with attention to the celebrator, the satirist, the journalist, the singer, and the story-teller. Van Doren's 1920 "effort to brighten the most neglected side of the greatest neglected English poet" remains a foundation stone in Dryden biography and criticism and presented the definitive statement of Dryden's reputation at the time. This title is cited and recommended by the Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature and Books for College Libraries.

Operation End Sweep: A History of Minesweeping Operations in North Vietnam was written in 1977 by staff members of Tensor Industries of Fairfax, Virginia. Tensor prepared this account under the terms of a contract with the Mine Warfare Project Office of the Naval Sea Systems Command which, in turn, responded to a requirement from the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. Since the study was a security-classified document, it originally saw limited circulation. Tensor's preface pointed out the importante of End Sweep. That operation represented the U.S. Navy's first major minesweeping campaign since the Navy faced the challenge, in 1950-1951, of clearing extensive enemy minefields laid at Wonsan, Korea. The helicopter mine countermeasures systems developed after the Navy's experience in Wonsan saw their first extensive use in End Sweep. Finally, Tensor's authors noted the special problems posed by the shallow depths of North Vietnam's coastal waters and the sensitivity of the mines involved. Ironically, the U.S. Navy originally laid the mines swept by American naval forces off North Vietnam. The Seventh Fleet's 1972 mine offensive severely hampered Hanoi's ability to import war supplies from abroad and was a factor in encouraging Hanoi to negotiate a peace accord with the United States. The mines posed an equal threat to seaborne commerce once America withdrew from Southeast Asia. It is not surprising, therefore, that in the talks leading up to the Paris cease-fire agreement of January 1973, Hanoi demanded that the United States enter into a separate diplomatic protocol in which America agreed to "render harmless" the mines we had laid in the waters of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Over the next six months, as the U.S. Mine Countermeasures Force accomplished this work, and American forces withdrew from Southeast Asia, Hanoi continued to wage war against South Vietnam. During that period the United States viewed the minesweeping operation as a means of attempting to influence North Vietnam's behavior. Dr. Edward J. Marolda, Head of the Naval Historical Center's Contemporary History Branch and a well-known historian of the naval war in Southeast Asia, skillfully revised this document for publication and composed an introduction that places these events in historical perspective. I also wish to acknowledge the major contributions made by Sandra J. Doyle, the Center's Senior Editor, in copy editing the study and overseeing its printing. Operation End Sweep describes a classic mine clearance campaign involving the deployment of men, ships, and specialized equipment halfway around the globe to complete a demanding and politically sensitive naval operation. Considering the continuing importance of mine warfare, the Navy's historians publish this account in the hope that it will be of special interest to today's naval professionals.Dean C. AllardDirector of Naval History