Bücher von Balakrishna Vuyyala

La pharmacologie est l'étude des médicaments, ou composés chimiques, qui interagissent avec divers systèmes vivants, des minuscules molécules aux cellules, en passant par les tissus et les organismes entiers, afin de produire un certain effet. Chaque jour, de plus en plus de nouveaux médicaments sont conçus pour lutter contre les maladies, des infections au cancer, en passant par l'insuffisance cardiaque et la dépression. Mais le développement d'un nouveau médicament peut prendre beaucoup de temps et d'argent, et il se déroule généralement en trois étapes. L'étape 1 est la découverte, c'est-à-dire la sélection d'un composé candidat comme agent thérapeutique possible pour une maladie spécifique. L'étape 2 est la recherche préclinique, au cours de laquelle ce composé est testé sur des cultures cellulaires et des animaux, tels que des souris et des rats, principalement pour voir s'il cause des dommages graves aux organismes vivants. Enfin, l'étape 3 est celle du développement clinique, au cours de laquelle des essais cliniques sont réalisés. C'est là que le composé est testé sur des humains pour voir s'il est sûr et efficace dans le traitement des maladies.

La farmacología es el estudio de los medicamentos, o compuestos químicos, que interactúan con diversos sistemas vivos, desde moléculas diminutas a células, pasando por tejidos y organismos enteros, con el fin de producir un efecto determinado. Cada día se diseñan más medicamentos nuevos para combatir enfermedades, desde las infecciones al cáncer, pasando por la insuficiencia cardiaca y la depresión. Pero desarrollar un nuevo fármaco puede llevar mucho tiempo y dinero, y suele constar de tres pasos. El paso 1 es el descubrimiento, y es cuando se elige un compuesto candidato como posible agente terapéutico para una enfermedad concreta. El paso 2 es la investigación preclínica, durante la cual este compuesto se prueba en cultivos celulares y animales, como ratones y ratas, principalmente para ver si causa algún daño grave a los organismos vivos. Y, por último, el paso 3 es el desarrollo clínico, durante el cual se realizan ensayos clínicos. Ahí es donde el compuesto se prueba en humanos para ver si es seguro y eficaz en el tratamiento de enfermedades.

A farmacologia é o estudo dos medicamentos, ou compostos químicos, que interagem com vários sistemas vivos, desde moléculas minúsculas a células, tecidos e organismos inteiros, de modo a produzir um determinado efeito. Todos os dias, são criados cada vez mais medicamentos novos para combater doenças, desde infecções a cancro, insuficiência cardíaca e depressão. Mas o desenvolvimento de um novo medicamento pode levar muito tempo e dinheiro e, normalmente, consiste em três etapas. A fase 1 é a descoberta, ou seja, quando um composto candidato é selecionado como possível agente terapêutico para uma doença específica. A fase 2 é a investigação pré-clínica, durante a qual este composto é testado em culturas de células e animais, como ratos e ratazanas, principalmente para ver se causa algum dano grave aos organismos vivos. E, finalmente, a fase 3 é o desenvolvimento clínico, durante o qual são efectuados ensaios clínicos. É nesta fase que o composto é testado em seres humanos para verificar se é seguro e eficaz no tratamento de doenças.

La farmacologia è lo studio dei farmaci, o composti chimici, che interagiscono con vari sistemi viventi, dalle piccole molecole alle cellule, ai tessuti e agli interi organismi, per produrre un determinato effetto. Ogni giorno vengono creati sempre più nuovi farmaci per combattere le malattie, dalle infezioni al cancro, dall'insufficienza cardiaca alla depressione. Ma lo sviluppo di un nuovo farmaco può richiedere molto tempo e denaro, e in genere si articola in tre fasi. La fase 1 è quella della scoperta, in cui si sceglie un composto candidato come possibile agente terapeutico per una specifica malattia. La fase 2 è la ricerca preclinica, durante la quale il composto viene testato su colture cellulari e animali, come topi e ratti, soprattutto per verificare se provoca danni gravi agli organismi viventi. Infine, la fase 3 è quella dello sviluppo clinico, durante la quale vengono eseguiti gli studi clinici. È qui che il composto viene testato sugli esseri umani per verificare se è sicuro ed efficace nel trattamento delle malattie.

Die Pharmakologie befasst sich mit Medikamenten oder chemischen Verbindungen, die mit verschiedenen lebenden Systemen interagieren, von winzigen Molekülen über Zellen bis hin zu Geweben und ganzen Organismen, um eine bestimmte Wirkung zu erzielen. Jeden Tag werden mehr und mehr neue Medikamente entwickelt, um Krankheiten zu bekämpfen, von Infektionen über Krebs bis hin zu Herzversagen und Depressionen. Die Entwicklung eines neuen Medikaments kann jedoch viel Zeit und Geld in Anspruch nehmen und besteht in der Regel aus drei Schritten. Schritt 1 ist die Entdeckung eines Wirkstoffs, der als mögliches Therapeutikum für eine bestimmte Krankheit in Frage kommt. Schritt 2 ist die präklinische Forschung, bei der dieser Wirkstoff an Zellkulturen und Tieren wie Mäusen und Ratten getestet wird, vor allem um festzustellen, ob er lebenden Organismen ernsthaften Schaden zufügt. Schritt 3 schließlich ist die klinische Entwicklung, bei der klinische Versuche durchgeführt werden. Hier wird der Wirkstoff an Menschen getestet, um festzustellen, ob er bei der Behandlung von Krankheiten sicher und wirksam ist.

Pharmacology is the study of medications, or chemical compounds, which interact with various living systems, from tiny molecules to cells, to tissues and whole organisms in order to produce a certain effect. Every day, more and more new medications are designed to fight diseases, from infections to cancer, heart failure, and depression. But developing a new drug can take a lot of time and money, and it typically consists of three steps. Step 1 is discovery, and that¿s when a candidate compound is picked out as a possible therapeutic agent for a specific disease. Step 2 is preclinical research, during which this compound is tested on cell cultures and animals, like mice and rats, mainly to see if it causes any severe harm to living organisms. And, finally, step 3 is clinical development, during which clinical trials are performed. That¿s where the compound is tested on humans to see if it¿s safe and effective in treating diseases.

Many herbal plants have been found to be having antipyretic effects. The present studyinvestigates the antipyretic activity of the extracts of Ocimum sanctum plant on brewer¿s yeastinduced fever in experimental rats. 30 albino rats weighing 100g-120g were used. They weredivided in to five groups of six rats each. Group one serve as control (n=6) and was given 1ml ofnormal saline, group two serves as inducer group (n=6) was treated with brewer yeast alone,group three serves as standard group (n=6) was given 150mg/kg of paracetamol, while groupsfour and five serves as test groups were treated with 100mg/kg and 300mg/kg (n=6) ofOcimumsanctum respectively. A 20% suspension of 10ml/kg of brewer¿s yeast was injectedsubcutaneously to induce fever in all the experimental animals. After 18hrs, the rectaltemperature was taken and the animals were administered Ocimumsanctum (100mg/kg,300mg/kg) and paracetamol(standard group, 150mg/kg) orally. The body temperature of the ratswas measured rectally over a period of 4hours.Ocimum sanctum (100mg/kg and 300mg/kg)significantly reduced yeast induced pyrexiawhen compared with the group two (20ml/kg,brewer¿s yeast). The group three (paracetamol, 150mg/

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) develops in patients consuming excessive amounts of alcohol. Alcohol dependency is not always a prerequirement for ALD development. In fact, some patients develop ALD and, in particular, cirrhosis without a history of dependence. Moreover, the severity of disease does not always correlate with the amount of alcohol intake, and environmental and genetic factors likely play a crucial role in ALD development. Although a dose-effect relationship between alcohol intake and alcohol-induced hepatic damage has been reported, no set amount of alcohol consumption that could surely predict the development of ALD.

Academic Paper from the year 2014 in the subject Medicine - Pharmacology, grade: A, , course: M Pharmacy, language: English, abstract: In the present study, the gastroprotective mechanism of aqueous extract of Piper nigrum and Ferula foetida (AEPF) was investigated. The current knowledge is clearly incontestable that AEPF pent-up the aggressive issue, gastric acid secretion. The anti-ulcerogenic impact of the AEPF is also associated with its antisecretory action since acid may be a major consideration the event of ulceration. The current data also clearly demonstrated that the 400 mg/kg is more effective than the 200 mg/kg and 100mg/kg dose of AEPF and has shown increased pH and decreased total acidity of gastric fluid. The ulcerogenic effect of cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers was developed in rats that received cysteamine HCl 400mg/kg. The exact mechanism of pathological process within the cysteamine-induced peptic ulcer model isn't totally known however but hypersecretion of gastric acid, deterioration of mucosal resistance and promotion of gastric emptying are among the possible mechanisms. In cold restraint stress induced ulcer model blood parameters such as Glucose, cholesterol and Triglycerides were estimated. The significant increase in blood sugar level was discovered because; beneath nerve-racking conditions, ductless gland secretes corticosterone in man and glucocorticoid in rats. AEPF significantly reduced the elevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels, which may be due to inhibition of stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Therefore it could act as a potent therapeutic agent against peptic ulcer disease.