Bücher von Jimmy Chulu

It is widely debated that there has been a growing interest in the public policy discourse that the central government allocation to local government has failed to fix the fiscal imbalance (vertical gap and horizontal gap) between rural and urban councils¿. After a thorough review of international best practice on the principles in the design of a formula based grant system, the Local Government Equalization Fund (LGEF) is a good step towards a more comprehensive intergovernmental fiscal transfer system. It is not only the question of how much of the public revenues should be allocated to local governments in terms of the size of the pool, allocation criteria and distribution approach. The key is to establish a comprehensive financing strategy that balances own local generated revenues within the four pillars of fiscal decentralization: revenue assignment, expenditure assignment, intergovernmental fiscal transfers and local government borrowing powers. Many studies on local government financing argues that providing adequate grants to the councils¿ cannot fully deal with horizontal imbalance between urban and rural ones in the absence of a comprehensive local government financing.

Public finance affects developing economies in many different ways. However, also public finance policies do affect key sectors of the economy in many different ways. This is true especially that the economic problems facing the developing countries are extremely difficult to address due to the declining fiscal capacity. It can be highlighted that most developing economies should bring public expenditure closely to the public revenue to ensure that fiscal deficits are in tandem with other macroeconomic objectives and policy direction. Experience has shown that public finance policy reforms in most developing economies have not corrected the free market failures. In real terms, public finance policies should be designed on the basis of promoting a stable economic growth and development. It can be argued that there is a greater desire among the developing countries to increase their productivity so that the people can attain substantially a better quality of life.Particularly, in most developing economies fiscal space and how to achieve sustainability remains a major challenge to public finance. Public finance is an important sector of finance and economics for the entire spectrum.

A philosophy of development in the African context is all about the processes by which the African countries can create and recreate themselves and their sustainable life in order to realize higher levels of civilization but on the premise of their own choices and values. The philosophy of 'development' is so controversial on the continent of Africa; especially that it is considered as a way of perpetuation of poverty and underdevelopment by the Western capitalist states. It is important to highlight that in most African nations the development discourse is driven on the platform of a comprehensive literature from the western capitalist that has remained static as the philosophy of development keeps evolving as people and society develop.The economic growth rates due to industrialization has not in anyway moved the poor from poverty and underdevelopment even with the ¿trickle-down¿ theories of redistribution of the benefits of development and the need for structural adjustment programmes towards growing concerns for ¿human development. Since the 1990s, both the theory and practices of development have evolved over time as the debate and paradigm remain critically contentious.

Most experts argue that unstable macroeconomic conditions of SSA region have contributed to increase in poverty, inequality and unemployment. In fact, many economic prospects of developing countries have actually declined drastically over the last 30 years. This points to the argument that fiscal stabilization and adjustments measures have failed Africa development agenda. The evidence is alarming that poverty remains quite high in Africa for both the rural and urban population.Ideally, Africäs agenda on fiscal stabilization and adjustments reforms has witnessed weaker and stagnated growth due to tough global economic environment which has not really improved most regions of Africa. Many political analysts argue that there can be no meaningful growth rate in the midst of low global growth, weak global trade, and low commodity prices.This gives an understanding that fiscal stabilization and adjustments have been hampered by poor macroeconomic policy framework in most regions of Africa. There is obviously a clear and usually desirable connection between macroeconomic framework and fiscal stabilization and adjustments measures declined economic activities significantly over the time.

Il est largement débattu que l'intérêt croissant dans le discours de politique publique que l'allocation du gouvernement central au gouvernement local n'a pas réussi à fixer le déséquilibre fiscal (écart vertical et horizontal) entre les conseils ruraux et urbains'. Après un examen approfondi des meilleures pratiques internationales sur les principes de conception d'un système de subvention basé sur une formule, le Fonds de péréquation des collectivités locales (LGEF) est un bon pas vers un système de transfert fiscal intergouvernemental plus complet. La question n'est pas seulement de savoir quelle part des recettes publiques doit être allouée aux gouvernements locaux en termes de taille du pool, de critères d'allocation et d'approche de distribution. L'essentiel est d'établir une stratégie de financement globale qui équilibre les recettes propres générées localement dans le cadre des quatre piliers de la décentralisation fiscale : affectation des recettes, affectation des dépenses, transferts fiscaux intergouvernementaux et pouvoirs d'emprunt des collectivités locales. De nombreuses études sur le financement des collectivités locales affirment que l'octroi de subventions adéquates aux conseils ne peut pas résoudre entièrement le déséquilibre horizontal entre les zones urbaines et rurales en l'absence d'un financement global des collectivités locales.

È ampiamente dibattuto che c'è stato un crescente interesse nel discorso di politica pubblica sul fatto che lo stanziamento del governo centrale al governo locale non è riuscito a risolvere lo squilibrio fiscale (divario verticale e orizzontale) tra i consigli rurali e urbani". Dopo una revisione approfondita delle migliori pratiche internazionali sui principi nella progettazione di un sistema di sovvenzioni basato su una formula, il Local Government Equalization Fund (LGEF) è un buon passo verso un sistema di trasferimento fiscale intergovernativo più completo. Non è solo la questione di quanto delle entrate pubbliche dovrebbe essere assegnato ai governi locali in termini di dimensioni del pool, criteri di assegnazione e approccio di distribuzione. La chiave è stabilire una strategia di finanziamento globale che bilanci le entrate proprie generate a livello locale all'interno dei quattro pilastri della decentralizzazione fiscale: assegnazione delle entrate, assegnazione delle spese, trasferimenti fiscali intergovernativi e poteri di prestito del governo locale. Molti studi sul finanziamento del governo locale sostengono che fornire sovvenzioni adeguate ai consigli non può affrontare completamente lo squilibrio orizzontale tra le aree urbane e quelle rurali in assenza di un finanziamento globale del governo locale.

É amplamente debatido que tem havido um interesse crescente no discurso das políticas públicas de que "a atribuição do governo central ao governo local não conseguiu corrigir o desequilíbrio fiscal (hiato vertical e hiato horizontal) entre os conselhos rurais e urbanos". Após uma profunda revisão das melhores práticas internacionais sobre os princípios na concepção de um sistema de subsídios baseado em fórmulas, o Fundo de Equalização do Governo Local (LGEF) é um bom passo para um sistema de transferência fiscal intergovernamental mais abrangente. Não se trata apenas da questão de saber quanto das receitas públicas deve ser atribuído aos governos locais em termos da dimensão do fundo, critérios de atribuição e abordagem de distribuição. A chave é estabelecer uma estratégia de financiamento abrangente que equilibre as próprias receitas geradas localmente dentro dos quatro pilares da descentralização fiscal: atribuição de receitas, atribuição de despesas, transferências fiscais intergovernamentais e poderes de empréstimo dos governos locais. Muitos estudos sobre o financiamento do governo local argumentam que a concessão de subsídios adequados aos conselhos não pode lidar plenamente com o desequilíbrio horizontal entre os urbanos e os rurais na ausência de um financiamento abrangente do governo local.

In der öffentlichen Diskussion wird immer häufiger darauf hingewiesen, dass die Zuweisungen der Zentralregierung an die Kommunalverwaltungen nicht ausreichen, um das fiskalische Ungleichgewicht (vertikale und horizontale Lücke) zwischen ländlichen und städtischen Gemeinden auszugleichen. Nach einer gründlichen Überprüfung der international bewährten Verfahren für die Gestaltung eines formelgestützten Zuschusssystems ist der Local Government Equalization Fund (LGEF) ein guter Schritt in Richtung eines umfassenderen zwischenstaatlichen Finanztransfersystems. Es geht nicht nur um die Frage, wie viel von den öffentlichen Einnahmen den lokalen Regierungen zugewiesen werden sollte, was die Größe des Pools, die Zuweisungskriterien und den Verteilungsansatz betrifft. Der Schlüssel liegt in der Entwicklung einer umfassenden Finanzierungsstrategie, die ein Gleichgewicht zwischen den eigenen, lokal erwirtschafteten Einnahmen und den vier Säulen der fiskalischen Dezentralisierung herstellt: Zuweisung von Einnahmen, Zuweisung von Ausgaben, zwischenstaatliche Finanztransfers und Kreditaufnahmebefugnisse der Kommunen. In vielen Studien über die Finanzierung der Kommunalverwaltungen wird argumentiert, dass die Gewährung angemessener Zuschüsse an die Räte das horizontale Ungleichgewicht zwischen Stadt und Land nicht vollständig ausgleichen kann, wenn es keine umfassende Finanzierung der Kommunalverwaltungen gibt.

En el discurso de las políticas públicas se ha debatido ampliamente que la asignación del gobierno central a los gobiernos locales no ha logrado solucionar el desequilibrio fiscal (brecha vertical y brecha horizontal) entre los ayuntamientos rurales y urbanos". Tras una revisión exhaustiva de las mejores prácticas internacionales sobre los principios en el diseño de un sistema de subvenciones basado en fórmulas, el Fondo de Nivelación de Gobiernos Locales (LGEF) es un buen paso hacia un sistema de transferencias fiscales intergubernamentales más completo. No se trata sólo de la cuestión de qué parte de los ingresos públicos debe asignarse a los gobiernos locales en cuanto al tamaño del fondo, los criterios de asignación y el enfoque de distribución. La clave es establecer una estrategia de financiación global que equilibre los ingresos propios generados por los gobiernos locales dentro de los cuatro pilares de la descentralización fiscal: asignación de ingresos, asignación de gastos, transferencias fiscales intergubernamentales y poderes de endeudamiento de los gobiernos locales. Muchos estudios sobre la financiación de los gobiernos locales sostienen que la concesión de subvenciones adecuadas a los ayuntamientos no puede resolver plenamente el desequilibrio horizontal entre los urbanos y los rurales si no existe una financiación global de los gobiernos locales.