Bücher von Kemal Yildirim

Patagonia (Spanish pronunciation: [patä¿onja]) is a sparsely populated region at the southern end of South America, shared by Argentina and Chile. The region comprises the southern section of the Andes Mountains, lakes, fjords, and glaciers in the west and deserts, tablelands and steppes to the east. Patagonia is bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and many bodies of water that connect them, such as the Strait of Magellan, the Beagle Channel, and the Drake Passage to the south. The Colorado and Barrancas rivers, which run from the Andes to the Atlantic, are commonly considered the northern limit of Argentine Patagonia. The archipelago of Tierra del Fuego is sometimes included as part of Patagonia. Most geographers and historians locate the northern limit of Chilean Patagonia at Huincul Fault, in Araucanía Region. At the time of the Spanish arrival, Patagonia was inhabited by multiple indigenous tribes. In a small portion of northwestern Patagonia, indigenous peoples practiced agriculture, while in the remaining territory, peoples lived as hunter-gatherers, traveling by foot in eastern Patagonia.

The Nabataeans were an ancient Arab people, who inhabited northern Arabia and the southern Levant. Their settlements ¿ most prominently the assumed capital city of Raqmu (present-day Petra, Jordan) ¿ gave the name Nabatene to the Arabian borderland that stretched from the Euphrates to the Red Sea. The Nabataeans were one of several nomadic Bedouin tribes that roamed the Arabian Desert in search of pasture and water for their herds. They emerged as a distinct civilization and political entity between the second and fourth century BCE, with their kingdom centered around a loosely controlled trading network that brought considerable wealth and influence across the ancient world. Described as fiercely independent by contemporary Greco-Roman accounts, the Nabataeans were annexed into the Roman Empire by Emperor Trajan in 106 CE. Nabataeans' individual culture, easily identified by their characteristic finely potted painted ceramics, was adopted into the larger Greco-Roman culture. They were later converted to Christianity during the Later Roman Era.

Shari¿a can be looked at as the normative kernel of Islam. Therefore, fatwas (legal opinions) and fiqh (the science of lawmaking), by which this kernel is constituted and is often described as the essence of Islam. Like other religions, Islam is concerned with the moral conduct of believers. When Islamic law is incorporated into state law, it controls the personal affairs and the moral conduct of human beings without an anthropocentric ethical concept or justification. The notion of an Islamic state is a post-colonial idea that is premised on a European model of the state as a totalitarian view of law, and public policy as the instruments of social engineering by ruling elites¿. Islamic norms are only ¿religious obligations for individual Muslims¿. This book defines fundamental rights in a broad sense that can be separated from contextual and mutable rights.

In India, the Human Rights notions of freedom of thought, conscience, and religion are integrated in the Indian Constitution, but interpreted from within an Indian framework of reference that has close links to pre-modern and modern forms of Hinduism. The doctrine of Human Rights cannot automatically count on meeting with approval from the part of the world¿s religions. Human Right as a word is not framed by ancient Indians, but the content of current Human Rights was included in the ancient education pattern in Gurukul and Ashramas. Ancient India recognized the supreme value of moral education in human life. Whereas, Western Human Rights are primarily about rights, not about duties. In the case of most religions, the reverse is true. Hinduism too, starts from duties, not from rights.

The Marsh Arabs (po arabsku: ¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ al-Ahw¿r "Arabiowie z terenów bagiennych"), zwany tak¿e Mäd¿n (po arabsku: Mäd¿n "mieszkaniec równin") lub szogiem (po arabsku: ¿¿¿¿¿, "ci ze wschodu")- dwaj ostatni cz¿sto uznawani za uw¿aczaj¿cych w dzisiejszych czasach - s¿ mieszkäcami bagien Tygrysa-Eufhrysy na po¿udniu i wschodzie Iraku, a tak¿e bagien Hoveyzieh w po¿udniowo-zachodnim Iranie.Ma'dan (Marsh Arabs) PRONUCIATION: mah-DAHNALTERNATE NAMES: Marsh ArabsLOCATION: Iraq (bagna na skrzy¿owaniu rzek Tygrys i Eufrat) POPULATION: Fewer than 20,000 (2003 estimate)LANGUAGE: ARABSKI J¿ZYK: Islam (muzu¿manin szyicki)Ma'dan, czyli Arabowie Bagienniani, jest odr¿bn¿ grup¿ ludzi, którzy pierwotnie zamieszkiwali obszar bagienny u zbiegu rzek Tygrys i Eufrat w Iraku, zanim bagna zostäy zniszczone przez projekty irygacyjne opracowane przez rz¿d iracki. Ma'dan, seminomadyczny lud plemienny, ¿y¿ niegdy¿ w chatach trzcinowych zbudowanych na p¿ywaj¿cych wyspach trzciny i utrzymywä si¿ z hodowli bawo¿ów wodnych, w¿dkowania oraz polowania na dziki i ptactwo wodne. Ich domy by¿y misternie utkane z gotyckich ¿uków wykonanych z wi¿zek trzciny wi¿zanych na górze.

The Marsh Arabs (árabe: ¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ al-Ahw¿r "Árabes dos Pântanos"), também chamado de Mäd¿n (árabe: Mäd¿n "habitante das planícies") ou shroog (árabe: ¿¿¿¿¿, "aqueles do leste")- estes dois últimos frequentemente considerados pantanosos nos dias de hoje - são habitantes dos pântanos do Tigre-Esfrates no sul e leste do Iraque, bem como dos pântanos Hoveyzieh do sudoeste do Irã.Ma'dan (árabes do pântano)PRONUNCIAÇÃO: NOMES DE Mah-DAHNALTERNATO: Pântanos do Iraque (pântanos na junção dos rios Tigre e Eufrates)POPULAÇÃO: Menos de 20.000 (estimativa de 2003)LÍNGUA: O Ma'dan, ou árabes dos pântanos, é um grupo distinto de pessoas que originalmente habitavam a área pantanosa na junção dos rios Tigre e Eufrates no Iraque antes dos pântanos serem destruídos por projetos de irrigação desenvolvidos pelo governo iraquiano. Um povo tribal seminomádico, os Ma'dan outrora viviam em cabanas de juncos construídas em ilhas flutuantes de juncos, e ganhavam a vida pastando búfalos de água, pescando e caçando javalis e aves aquáticas. As suas casas eram tecidas elaboradamente com arcos góticos feitos de feixes de canaviais amarrados no topo.

Die Sumpfaraber (arabisch: ¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ al-Ahw¿r "Araber des Marschlandes"), auch als Mäd¿n (arabisch: Mäd¿n "Bewohner der Ebenen") oder Shroog (arabisch) bezeichnet: ¿¿¿¿¿, "die aus dem Osten") - die beiden letzteren werden in der heutigen Zeit oft als abfällig angesehen - sind Bewohner des Tigris-Euphrat-Sumpfgebietes im Süden und Osten des Irak sowie in den Hoveyzieh-Sümpfen im Südwesten des Iran.Ma'dan (Sumpfaraber)BEGRÜNDUNG: Mah-DAHNALTERNAMEN: SumpfaraberStandort: Irak (Sümpfe am Zusammenfluss von Tigris und Euphrat)BEVÖLKERUNG: Weniger als 20.000 (Schätzung 2003)SPRACHE: Arabische RELIGION: Islam (schiitischer Muslim)Die Ma'dan oder Sumpfaraber sind eine eigenständige Gruppe von Menschen, die ursprünglich das sumpfige Gebiet am Zusammenfluss von Tigris und Euphrat im Irak bewohnten, bevor die Sümpfe durch von der irakischen Regierung entwickelte Bewässerungsprojekte zerstört wurden. Die Ma'dan, ein halbnomadisches Stammesvolk, lebten einst in Schilfhütten, die auf schwimmenden Schilfinseln errichtet wurden, und verdienten ihren Lebensunterhalt durch das Hüten von Wasserbüffeln, Fischen und die Jagd auf Wildschweine und Wasservögel. Ihre Häuser waren kunstvoll mit gotisch anmutenden Bögen aus Schilfbündeln gewebt, die oben zusammengebunden waren.

Gli Arabi delle Paludi (in arabo: ¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ al-Ahw¿r "Arabi delle Paludi"), detto anche Mäd¿n (in arabo: Mäd¿n "abitante delle pianure") o shroog (in arabo: ¿¿¿¿¿, "quelli dell'est")- questi ultimi due spesso considerati dispregiativi nell'attuale situazione - sono gli abitanti delle paludi del Tigri-Eufrate nel sud e nell'est dell'Iraq, così come nelle paludi di Hoveyzieh nel sud-ovest dell'Iran.Ma'dan (Arabi palustri)PRONUNCIAZIONE: mah-DAHNALTERNATE NOMI: Marsh ArabsLOCATION: Iraq (paludi alla confluenza dei fiumi Tigri ed Eufrate)POPOLAZIONE: meno di 20.000 (stima 2003)LINGUA: Il Ma'dan, o Marsh Arabs, è un gruppo distinto di persone che originariamente abitavano l'area paludosa alla confluenza dei fiumi Tigri ed Eufrate in Iraq prima che le paludi fossero distrutte dai progetti di irrigazione sviluppati dal governo iracheno. Popolo tribale seminomade, i Ma'dan un tempo vivevano in capanne di canneto costruite su isole galleggianti di canne, e si guadagnavano da vivere con l'allevamento di bufali d'acqua, la pesca e la caccia ai cinghiali e agli uccelli acquatici. Le loro case erano riccamente tessute con archi gotici fatti di fasci di canne legate insieme in cima.

De Moeras-Arabieren (Arabisch: ¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿¿¿ ¿Arab al-Ahw¿r "Arabieren van de moeraslanden"), ook wel aangeduid als de Mäd¿n (Arabisch: ¿¿¿¿¿ "bewoner in de vlakte") of shroog (Arabisch): ¿¿¿¿, "die uit het oosten")-de laatste twee vaak beschouwd als denigrerende in de huidige dag-zijn bewoners van de Tigris-Eufraat moerassen in het zuiden en oosten van Irak, alsmede in de Hoveyzieh moerassen van Zuidwest-Iran.Ma'dan (Moeras-Arabieren)PONUNCIATIE: mah-DAHNALTERNATEN: Moeras-ArabsLOCATIE: Irak (moerassen op de kruising van de rivieren Tigris en Eufraat)POPULATIE: Minder dan 20.000 (schatting van 2003)TAAL: ArabicRELIGIE: Islam (sjiitische moslim) De Ma'dan, of Moeras-Arabieren, is een aparte groep mensen die oorspronkelijk het moerassige gebied op de kruising van de Tigris en de Eufraat in Irak bewoonden voordat de moerassen werden vernietigd door irrigatieprojecten van de Iraakse regering. De Ma'dan, een seminomadisch stamvolk, leefde ooit in rieten hutten die gebouwd waren op drijvende eilanden van riet, en leefden in hun levensonderhoud door waterbuffels te hoeden, te vissen en op wilde zwijnen en watervogels te jagen. Hun huizen werden uitvoerig geweven met gotische bogen, gemaakt van bundels riet die aan de bovenkant samengebonden waren.

En juin 1988, les chefs d'État algérien, libyen, mauritanien, marocain et tunisien se sont réunis à Alger pour délibérer sur la création de l'Union du Maghreb arabe. L'Union du Maghreb arabe (AMU) a été fondée en février 1989 à Marrakech avec l'approbation du Traité instituant l'Union du Maghreb arabe. Lors de l'approbation du Traité, les États membres ont convenu de coordonner, d'harmoniser et de rationaliser leurs politiques et stratégies pour réaliser le développement durable dans tous les secteurs des activités humaines. Outre le Traité, le Sommet de Marrakech a adopté la Déclaration solennelle sur la création de l'UMA et son programme de travail. Les objectifs de l'Union du Maghreb arabe sont les suivants: Renforcer les liens de fraternité, qui lient les États membres et leurs peuples entre eux; Réaliser le progrès et la prospérité de leurs sociétés et défendre leurs droits; Contribuer à la préservation de la paix fondée sur la justice et l'équité; Poursuivre une politique commune dans différents domaines; ¿uvrer progressivement à la libre circulation des personnes et au transfert de services, de biens et de capitaux entre elles.