Bücher von Krishna Veni Veloo

Fruits can be served as a dessert after a meal but many people do not know that the canned fruit may contain heavy metals that are dangerous for human health. This contamination comes from various sources, such as disposed chemical waste in the river without any treatment. Four samples of canned fruit that were used in this study were purchased from market in Jeli. The aim of this study is to determine the heavy metal residue such as Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), and Chromium (Cr) in each canned fruit sample using wet digestion method and follow by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS), and then the result obtained was compared with the permissible level of heavy metal by WHO/FAO, EC and MFA. For the health risk assessment, a survey was conducted to determine health risk assessment of canned fruits consumption among residents in Kelantan with a total of 293 respondents. In this study, the concentration of heavy metal in canned fruit such as canned lychee, canned longan, canned pineapple and canned peach were determined and was arranged in order where Cu>Pb> Zn>Cd>Cr.

Processed canned sweet corn cream and fresh corn are important food products used in dishes to add the flavor of food. They are used by humans on a regular basis as source of nutrition and the human body gets benefit from their consumption. Heavy metal elements can collect and become polluted in processed canned sweet corn cream and fresh corn. As a result of industrialisation, agricultural and human activities may have effect on health of individuals. Therefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) concentrations in corn by using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) and to evaluate human health risk by the consumption of corn by Kelantan residents. Human health risk was evaluated using target hazard (THQ) and hazard index (HI). Besides, the estimated weekly intake (EWI) for canned sweet corn cream was found while the average of THQ for Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn was 5.25 × 10-2, 2.90 × 10-4, 5.25 × 10-2, 2.53 × 10-3, and 3.64 × 10-1 respectively. While THQ Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn for fresh corn was 8.75 × 10-4, 8.75 × 10-4, 2.80 × 10-4, and 8.90 × 10-2 respectively.

L'extraction et l'isolement de l'extrait de feuilles de Carica Papaya ont été étudiés sous différents solvants ainsi que l'activité antimicrobienne de l'extrait de la plante. Lesfeuilles de Carica Papayaont été macérées avec différents types de solvants (méthanol, hexane, acétate d'éthyle et eaudistillée ) à température ambiante pendant 3 jours.Lachromatographie sur couche mince et la chromatographie sur colonne ont étéutilisées pour isoler les composés sous différentes combinaisons de solvants. Lafraction issue de la chromatographie surcolonne a été analysée en utilisant la spectrométrie de masse par chromatographie en phase gazeuse (GC-MS).La méthode de diffusion sur disque a été utilisée pour évaluer l'activité antimicrobienne de l'extrait de feuilles de papayecontre Bacillus Subtilis. D'après l'étude, le meilleur extrait brut a été obtenu en utilisant le solvant méthanoltandis que le mélange de solvants hexane et acétate d'éthyle (1:2) a montré une bonne séparation en CCM. Leméthanol et l'éthanol avec un rapport de 1:1 a été déterminé comme le meilleur système de solvant pour la chromatographiesur colonne . L'analyse GC-MS a permis d'identifier les composés présents dans les fractions sélectionnées.La fraction d'extrait brut de méthanol a montré un résultat positif envers Bacillus Subtilis.

Se investigó la extracción y el aislamiento del extracto de la hoja de Carica Papaya con diferentes disolventes, así como la actividad antimicrobiana del extracto de la planta. Las hojas de Carica Papayase maceraron con diferentes tipos de disolventes (metanol, hexano, acetato de etilo y aguadestilada ) a temperatura ambiente durante 3 días.Seutilizaron lacromatografía en capa fina y la cromatografía en columnapara aislar los compuestos bajo diferentes combinaciones de disolventes. Lafracción de la cromatografía en columna se analizó posteriormente utilizando la Espectrometría de Masas por Cromatografía de Gases (GC-MS).Se utilizó el método de difusión en disco para evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana del extracto de hojas de papayacontra el Bacillus Subtilis. A partir del estudio, el mejor extracto crudo se obtuvo utilizando el disolvente metanol, mientras que la mezcla de disolventes hexano con acetato de etilo (1:2) mostró una buena separación en TLC.Se determinó que el metanol y el etanol con proporción 1:1 era el mejor sistema de disolventes para la cromatografíaen columna . El análisis GC-MS identificó además la presencia de los compuestos en las fracciones seleccionadas.La fracción de extracto crudo de metanol mostró resultados positivos frente a Bacillus Subtilis.

A extracção e isolamento do extracto de Carica Papaya Leaf foi investigada sob diferentes solventes juntamente com a actividade antimicrobiana do extracto da planta. Asfolhas de Carica Papayaforam maceradas com diferentes tipos de solventes (metanol, hexano, acetato de etilo e águadestilada ) à temperatura ambiente durante 3 dias. Cromatografia em camada fina e cromatografia em coluna foramutilizadas para isolar os compostos sob variadas combinações de solventes. A fracção da cromatografia emcoluna foi ainda analisada utilizando a Espectrometria de Massa por Cromatografia em Gás (GC-MS). Ométodo de difusão em disco foi utilizado para avaliar a actividade antimicrobiana do extracto de folhas de papaiacontra Bacillus Subtilis. A partir do estudo, o melhor extracto bruto foi obtido utilizando solvente metanolenquanto que o hexano com acetato de etilo (1:2) mistura de solvente apresentava uma boa separação em TLC. Ometanol e o etanol com rácio 1:1 foi determinado como o melhor sistema solvente para cromatografiaem coluna .A análise GC-MS identificou ainda mais a presença de compostos nas fracções seleccionadas.A fracção de extracto de metanol bruto mostrou um resultado positivo em relação ao Bacillus Subtilis.

Jextrakciq i wydelenie äxtrakta list'ew Carica Papaya byli issledowany w razlichnyh rastworitelqh narqdu s protiwomikrobnoj aktiwnost'ü äxtrakta rasteniq.List'q Carica Papayamacerirowali w razlichnyh rastworitelqh (metanol, gexan, ätilacetat i distillirowannaq woda) pri komnatnoj temperature w techenie 3 dnej. Tonkoslojnaq hromatografiq i kolonochnaq hromatografiqispol'zowalis' dlq wydeleniq soedinenij pri razlichnyh kombinaciqh rastworitelej. Frakcii, poluchennye kolonochnoj hromatografiej, dalee analizirowalis' s pomosch'ü gazowoj hromato-mass-spektrometrii (GH-MS).Dlq ocenki antimikrobnoj aktiwnosti äxtrakta list'ew papajiprotiwBacillus Subtilisispol'zowalsq metod diskowoj diffuzii. Porezul'tatam issledowaniq, luchshij neochischennyj äxtrakt byl poluchen s ispol'zowaniem metanola, a smes' gexana s ätilacetatom (1:2) pokazala horoshee razdelenie w TLC.Metanol i ätanol w sootnoshenii 1:1 byli opredeleny kak luchshaq sistema rastworitelej dlq kolonochnoj hromatografii. GH-MS analiz dalee opredelil prisutstwie soedinenij w wybrannyh frakciqh.Frakciq neochischennogo äxtrakta w metanole pokazala polozhitel'nyj rezul'tat w otnoshenii Bacillus Subtilis.

L'estrazione e l'isolamento dell'estratto di foglie di Carica Papaya sono stati studiati con diversi solventi insieme all'attività antimicrobica dell'estratto della pianta. Lefoglie di Carica Papayasono state macerate con diversi tipi di solventi (metanolo, esano, acetato di etile e acquadistillata ) a temperatura ambiente per 3 giorni.Lacromatografia su strato sottile e la cromatografia su colonna sono stateutilizzate per isolare i composti in diverse combinazioni di solventi. Le frazioni ottenute con la cromatografiasu colonna sono state ulteriormente analizzate con la spettrometria di massa gascromatografica (GC-MS). Ilmetodo di diffusione su disco è stato utilizzato per valutare l'attività antimicrobica dell'estratto di foglie di papayacontro Bacillus Subtilis. Dallo studio è emerso che il miglior estratto grezzo è stato ottenuto con il solvente metanolo, mentre la miscela di solventi esano e acetato di etile (1:2) ha mostrato una buona separazione in TLC. Ilmetanolo e l'etanolo in rapporto 1:1 sono stati determinati come il miglior sistema di solventi per la cromatografiasu colonna . L'analisi GC-MS ha identificato ulteriormente la presenza dei composti nelle frazioni selezionate.La frazione dell'estratto grezzo di metanolo ha mostrato un risultato positivo nei confronti del Bacillus Subtilis.

Die Extraktion und Isolierung des Extrakts aus den Blättern der Carica Papaya wurde mit verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln untersucht, ebenso wie die antimikrobielle Aktivität des Pflanzenextrakts. Die Carica PapayaBlätter wurden mit verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln (Methanol, Hexan, Ethylacetat und destilliertes Wasser) bei Raumtemperatur für 3 Tagemazeriert .Dünnschichtchromatographie und Säulenchromatographie wurdenverwendet, um die Verbindungen in verschiedenen Lösungsmittelkombinationen zu isolieren. Die Fraktionen aus der Sä ulenchromatographie wurden mit Hilfe der Gaschromatographie-Massenspektrometrie (GC-MS) weiter analysiert. Dieantimikrobielle Aktivität des Papayablätterextraktsgegen Bacillus Subtiliswurdemit der Scheibendiffusionsmethode untersucht.Aus der Studie ging hervor, dass der beste Rohextrakt mit dem Lösungsmittel Methanol gewonnen wurde, während das Lösungsmittelgemisch aus Hexan und Ethylacetat (1:2) eine gute Trennung im TLC zeigte.Methanol und Ethanol im Verhältnis 1:1 wurde als bestes Lösungsmittelsystem für die Säulenchromatographieermittelt . Die GC-MS-Analyse identifizierte die Verbindungen in den ausgewählten Fraktionen.Die Methanol-Rohextraktfraktion zeigte ein positives Ergebnis gegenüber Bacillus Subtilis.

The extraction and isolation of Carica Papaya Leaf extract were investigated under different solvents along with the antimicrobial activity of the plant¿s extract. The Carica Papaya leaves were macerated with different type of solvents (methanol, hexane, ethyl acetate and distilled water) at room temperature for 3 days. Thin layer chromatography and column chromatography were used to isolate the compounds under varied solvent combinations. The fraction from column chromatography were further analyzed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Disc diffusion method were used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of papaya leaves extract against Bacillus Subtilis. From the study, the best crude extract was obtained using methanol solvent while hexane with ethyl acetate (1:2) solvent mixture displayed good separation in TLC. The methanol and ethanol with ratio 1:1 was determined as a best solvent system for column chromatography. GC-MS analysis further identified the compounds presence in the selected fractions.The methanol crude extract fraction showed positive result towards Bacillus Subtilis.