Bücher von Mohamed Abdel-Raheem

Sugar ¿ beet, Beta vulgaris is one of the most important economic crops in Egypt. Therefore, farmers are encouraged to increase sugar beet production in order to increase the requirements for local sugar production. Sugar- beet plants are liable to infestation by a variety of insects. Some of these insects are key pests of regular occurrence and cause serious damage to their host plants that leads to reduction of crop yield, in both quantity and quality. Sugar is a strategic commodity to many countries of the world, since it comes right after wheat. It has strategic importance to many countries in Europe, Africa. North and South America and Australia, where as it occupies the second position after rice in Asian countries. The production of crystallized sugar in the world depends on two main crops mainly sugar cane, Saccharum officinarum L. and sugar¿beet , Beta vulgaris L. where the percentages of the obtained sugar from cane and beet reached about 60 and 40 % of the total world production of crystallized sugar, respectively.

The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (RPW) is the most serious pest of date palms in the Middle East. Weevil infestation was first detected in Israel in the summer of 1999 in date plantations in the Jordan Valley, on the west bank of the Jordan River and in the northern area of the Dead Sea. For 2 years following the discovery of the pest, prophylactic insecticide chemical treatments as well as adult weevil trapping were carried out over 450 ha of date palm plantations. Traps loaded with a commercial aggregation pheromone, ferrugineol, supplemented with ethyl acetate and a fermenting mixture of dates and sugarcane molasses, were posted in high trap density (approx. ten traps per ha) in order to monitor weevil infestation and reduce the RPW population by mass trapping.A significant decrease in number of trapped beetles and infested trees was observed in 2001 and continued in the following years. No infested trees have been found since 2002, indicating a decrease in RPW population. The sex ratio of trapped adults during 3 years of study was significantly female-biased (¿2.5:1).

Cotton is cultivated in Egypt years before the B.C. The Egyptian cotton cultivation underwent a sudden development under the enterprising Mohamed Ali (1805-1848) and this extension was really due to an accident. There are several varieties of cotton used in Egypt such as the extra-long staple varieties, (Giza 70, 76, 77, 84, 88 & 92), in Delta; (Giza 75, 81, 85, 86 & 89) in Middle and Upper Egypt; Giza 80, 83 & 90). In the current year the extra-long staple varieties were cultivated in Domiat, Giza 70 and Beheira, Giza 88. More than 1300 herbivorous insects infested cotton. In spite of few of these insects is economic importance. The production of cotton has demanded a lot of insecticides for protection from insects. In the cotton planting farmers used of about 22.5 % of the total used from insecticides.

Forensics is a hot topic, and many youth have seen forensic entomology practiced in movies and on popular television shows (such as ¿CSI¿) as a way to solve crimes such as murder cases. Even for those who are not aware of the current trend, a murder case is something that consistently piques the interest of youth. Is the science that applies Insect Biology in criminal investigations, where insects and other arthropods are used to detect the circumstances of criminal cases? It is noteworthy that the first use of insects in criminal investigations was in China in 1235, when the mystery of the case of the killing of Chinese farmers was exposed by a deep blow to the village, the village leader asked the farmers to bring their wagons, and put them on the ground, and do not work any movement, The flies collected on one of these machetes and revealed the killer; because of the traces of blood and flesh on his sickle which he used for the crime, despite his diligence in cleaning it to hide his crime; flies attracted to the smell.

The continuous increase in the agricultural plot of land in Egypt is a strategic and economic objective and a real challenge for the the different governments in their efforts to expand. The widsprewad use of insecticides induced heritable changes in the insect pests.The fundamental aspects of population dynamics of pest species in the ecosystem are directly affected. Natural enimes population and wildlife species are hardly decreased as a result of intensive use of chemical pesticides. In Egypt, many pesticides became virtually ineffective against pests as a result of insects building resistance against these chemicals. The relationship between pesticide residues and the human teratogenic and carcinogenic effect is one of the most destructive results of the extensive use of chemicals pesticides.

Most snake species lay eggs, but some species give birth to live young. Snakes lay their eggs in a warm location. With the exception of some python species, eggs and young are not cared for by the male or female.Snakes also have forked tongues, which they flick in different directions to smell their surroundings. That lets them know when danger¿or food¿is nearby.Snakes have several other ways to detect a snack. Openings called pit holes in front of their eyes sense the heat given off by warm-blooded prey. And bones in their lower jaws pick up vibrations from rodents and other scurrying animals. When they do capture prey, snakes can eat animals up to three times bigger than their head is wide because their lower jaws unhinge from their upper jaws. Once in a snake¿s mouth, the prey is held in place by teeth that face inward, trapping it there.

Sugar ¿ beet, Beta vulgaris is one of the most important economic crops in Egypt. Therefore, farmers are encouraged to increase sugar beet production in order to increase the requirements for local sugar production.Sugar-beet plants are liable to infestation by a variety of insects. Some of these insects are key pests of regular occurrence and cause serious damage to their host plants that leads to reduction of crop yield, in both quantity and quality.Sugar is a strategic commodity to many countries of the world, since it comes right after wheat. It has strategic importance to many countries in Europe, Africa. North and South America and Australia, where as it occupies the second position after rice in Asian countries.

Pathogens are bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and fungi. Insects, like humans and plants, can be infected with pathogens that cause diseases. Insect pathogens generally kill, reduce reproduction, slow the growth, or shorten the life of a pest insect. Unlike chemical insecticides, microbial insecticides usually take longer to kill or weaken the target pest. But under certain conditions, such as high humidity or high pest populations, these pathogens can cause disease outbreaks that decimate an insect population. Pathogens are most effective when pest populations are very high. Pathogens are difficult to manage because their presence and effectiveness strongly depends on factors like moderate temperature and high humidity. During the dry season, for example, you will almost never see aphids killed by a fungus because that fungus needs a high humidity for survival and spread. Most pathogens are too small to be seen by human eyes. Only the symptoms that insect pathogens cause can be seen with the eyes: for example a dead insect covered with fungus spores like ¿hairs¿ or ¿dust¿ or a dead insect which is black and spills fluid out of the body.

Red Palm Weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) is a key pest of palms originating from South and South East Asian Countries that has significantly expanded its geographical and host range during the last three decades. In the Near East RPW is causing wide spread damage to date palm Phoenix dactylifera L., having both agricultural impacts on the palm production, which has negative repercussions on the livelihoods of farmers and environmental impacts. In North Africa, it is also present (except in Algeria) but for the moment only in few limited spots, only on the Canary Island palm P. canariensis. Even when these spots are located on the Mediterranean coast, they represent a serious threat for the Southern oasis.

Gli agenti patogeni sono batteri, virus, nematodi e funghi. Gli insetti, come gli esseri umani e le piante, possono essere infettati da agenti patogeni che causano malattie. Gli insetti patogeni generalmente uccidono, riducono la riproduzione, rallentano la crescita o accorciano la vita di un insetto parassita. A differenza degli insetticidi chimici, gli insetticidi microbici di solito impiegano più tempo per uccidere o indebolire il parassita bersaglio. Tuttavia, in determinate condizioni, come umidità elevata o popolazioni elevate di parassiti, questi patogeni possono causare epidemie che decimano una popolazione di insetti. Gli agenti patogeni sono più efficaci quando le popolazioni di parassiti sono molto elevate. Gli agenti patogeni sono difficili da gestire perché la loro presenza ed efficacia dipende fortemente da fattori quali temperatura moderata e umidità elevata. Durante la stagione secca, ad esempio, non si vedranno quasi mai afidi uccisi da un fungo, perché questo ha bisogno di un'elevata umidità per sopravvivere e diffondersi. La maggior parte degli agenti patogeni è troppo piccola per essere vista dagli occhi umani. Solo i sintomi che gli agenti patogeni degli insetti causano possono essere visti con gli occhi: ad esempio un insetto morto ricoperto di spore di funghi come "peli" o "polvere" o un insetto morto che è nero e perde liquido dal corpo.

Os agentes patogénicos são bactérias, vírus, nematódeos e fungos. Os insectos, tal como os seres humanos e as plantas, podem ser infectados com agentes patogénicos que causam doenças. Os agentes patogénicos dos insectos geralmente matam, reduzem a reprodução, atrasam o crescimento, ou encurtam a vida de um insecto praga. Ao contrário dos insecticidas químicos, os insecticidas microbianos demoram geralmente mais tempo a matar ou enfraquecer a praga alvo. Mas sob certas condições, tais como humidade elevada ou populações elevadas de pragas, estes agentes patogénicos podem causar surtos de doenças que dizimam uma população de insectos. Os agentes patogénicos são mais eficazes quando as populações de pragas são muito elevadas. Os agentes patogénicos são difíceis de gerir porque a sua presença e eficácia dependem fortemente de factores como temperatura moderada e humidade elevada. Durante a estação seca, por exemplo, quase nunca se verá pulgões mortos por um fungo porque esse fungo precisa de uma humidade elevada para sobreviver e se espalhar. A maioria dos agentes patogénicos são demasiado pequenos para serem vistos pelos olhos humanos. Apenas os sintomas que os insectos patogénicos causam podem ser vistos com os olhos: por exemplo, um insecto morto coberto de esporos de fungos como "pêlos" ou "pó" ou um insecto morto que é preto e derrama líquido para fora do corpo.

Krankheitserreger sind Bakterien, Viren, Fadenwürmer und Pilze. Insekten können ebenso wie Menschen und Pflanzen mit Krankheitserregern infiziert werden, die Krankheiten verursachen. Insektenpathogene töten in der Regel ab, verringern die Fortpflanzung, verlangsamen das Wachstum oder verkürzen die Lebensdauer eines Schadinsekts. Im Gegensatz zu chemischen Insektiziden dauert es bei mikrobiellen Insektiziden in der Regel länger, bis sie den Zielschädling töten oder schwächen. Aber unter bestimmten Bedingungen, wie hoher Luftfeuchtigkeit oder hohen Schädlingspopulationen, können diese Erreger Krankheitsausbrüche verursachen, die eine Insektenpopulation dezimieren. Krankheitserreger sind am wirksamsten, wenn die Schädlingspopulationen sehr hoch sind. Die Bekämpfung von Krankheitserregern ist schwierig, da ihr Vorhandensein und ihre Wirksamkeit stark von Faktoren wie gemäßigten Temperaturen und hoher Luftfeuchtigkeit abhängen. Während der Trockenzeit werden Sie zum Beispiel fast nie sehen, dass Blattläuse von einem Pilz getötet werden, weil dieser Pilz eine hohe Luftfeuchtigkeit zum Überleben und zur Ausbreitung benötigt. Die meisten Krankheitserreger sind zu klein, um von den menschlichen Augen gesehen zu werden. Nur die Symptome, die Insektenpathogene verursachen, sind mit den Augen zu sehen: zum Beispiel ein totes Insekt, das mit Pilzsporen wie "Haaren" oder "Staub" bedeckt ist, oder ein totes Insekt, das schwarz ist und aus dem Körper Flüssigkeit austritt.

Los patógenos son bacterias, virus, nematodos y hongos. Los insectos, al igual que los seres humanos y las plantas, pueden infectarse con patógenos que causan enfermedades. Los patógenos de los insectos generalmente matan, reducen la reproducción, ralentizan el crecimiento o acortan la vida de un insecto plaga. A diferencia de los insecticidas químicos, los insecticidas microbianos suelen tardar más en matar o debilitar a la plaga objetivo. Pero en determinadas condiciones, como una alta humedad o una elevada población de plagas, estos patógenos pueden provocar brotes de enfermedades que diezmen una población de insectos. Los patógenos son más eficaces cuando las poblaciones de plagas son muy elevadas. Los patógenos son difíciles de gestionar porque su presencia y eficacia dependen en gran medida de factores como una temperatura moderada y una humedad elevada. Durante la estación seca, por ejemplo, casi nunca se verán pulgones muertos por un hongo, porque ese hongo necesita una alta humedad para sobrevivir y propagarse. La mayoría de los patógenos son demasiado pequeños para ser vistos por los ojos humanos. Sólo los síntomas que causan los patógenos de los insectos pueden verse con los ojos: por ejemplo, un insecto muerto cubierto de esporas de hongos como "pelos" o "polvo" o un insecto muerto que es negro y derrama líquido fuera del cuerpo.

Les agents pathogènes sont des bactéries, des virus, des nématodes et des champignons. Les insectes, comme les humains et les plantes, peuvent être infectés par des agents pathogènes qui provoquent des maladies. En général, les agents pathogènes des insectes tuent, réduisent la reproduction, ralentissent la croissance ou raccourcissent la vie d'un insecte nuisible. Contrairement aux insecticides chimiques, les insecticides microbiens prennent généralement plus de temps pour tuer ou affaiblir l'insecte nuisible visé. Mais dans certaines conditions, comme une forte humidité ou des populations élevées d'insectes nuisibles, ces agents pathogènes peuvent provoquer des épidémies qui déciment une population d'insectes. Les agents pathogènes sont plus efficaces lorsque les populations de ravageurs sont très élevées. Les agents pathogènes sont difficiles à gérer car leur présence et leur efficacité dépendent fortement de facteurs tels qu'une température modérée et une forte humidité. Pendant la saison sèche, par exemple, vous ne verrez presque jamais de pucerons tués par un champignon, car ce champignon a besoin d'une forte humidité pour survivre et se propager. La plupart des agents pathogènes sont trop petits pour être vus par l'¿il humain. Seuls les symptômes provoqués par les agents pathogènes des insectes peuvent être vus à l'¿il nu.

All insects have natural enemies. Some pests have more ¿ or more efficient¿natural enemies than others. Biological control relies on effective natural enemies that can be managed by humans. Types of natural enemies Vertebrate natural enemies of insects include certain birds, such as flycatchers, woodpeckers, purple martins, starlings, and chickens; certain mammals, such as bats, moles, voles, skunks, and hogs; and toads, frogs, and lizards. With a few minor exceptions, these cannot be managed to reduce the populations of pests signify cantly, and they will not be considered further in this publication. Insects that feed on other insects or mites make up the most important group of natural enemies. This is an extremely large and diverse group. Unfortunately, because beneficial insects are often tiny and nondescript, they are frequently overlooked by even the most dedicated practitioners of bio logical control. Only the large, common, or brightly colored species, such as praying mantids and lady beetles, are commonly recognized. Insects that eat other insects are either fly larvae, lay their eggs in the immediate predatory or parasitic.

In the past decades, apart from the pyrethrum which has attained international and commercial acclaim due to its high effectiveness and broad spectrum insecticidal activity (repels and kills insects depending on concentration) very few natural insecticides have been developed of particular economic significance among the plants in common use today is the tropical plant Azadirachta indica, popularly known as the neem tree. In India as well as in Nigeria the plant is effectively used to control over 25 different species of insect pests. The activity has been associated with the presence of azadirachtin, which is said to be highest in the kernel than in the leaves and other tissues of the plant. The effectiveness of nine insecticidal species of Chineese origin has been compared with synthetic insecticides against 40 species of insects. Three of the plants Milletia pachycarpa Benth, Trpterygium Forrestii Loes and Rhododendron molle G. Don were studied in detail. The finely ground powder when applied as spray in suspension or as dust were highly active against aphids, pentatomids and leaf-beetles as well as against caterpillars, body lice and plant lice.

Istniej¿ gatunki grzybów, które mog¿ zarää i zabijä owady. Grzyby te nazywane s¿ owadami patogennymi lub entomopatogennymi. Grzyby te s¿ bardzo specyficzne dla owadów, cz¿sto do poszczególnych gatunków owadów, i nie zainfekowä zwierz¿t lub ro¿lin. Wi¿kszo¿¿ owadów - patogeniczne grzyby potrzebuj¿ wilgotne warunki do infekcji i rozwoju, ale niektóre gatunki grzybów mog¿ równie¿ zainfekowä owady, gdy jest suchy.Gdy owad zostä zabity przez grzyb, grzyb wy¿ania si¿ z ciäa owada do produkcji zarodników, które czasami mog¿ by¿ postrzegane jako "zakurzony" lub "cottony" wygl¿d. Gdy znajdziesz wiele martwych i pokrytych grzybem owadów, mo¿esz zastanowi¿ si¿ nad stworzeniem z nich w¿asnego bioinsektycydu. Zbierz jak najwi¿cej owadów na polu, w¿ó¿ je do s¿oika z wod¿, zmiäd¿ je troch¿ i dobrze wymieszaj. To uwolni zarodniki grzybów do wody. Przefiltruj lekko wod¿, aby usun¿¿ du¿e cz¿¿ci owadów. Pozostäy roztwór mo¿e by¿ u¿yty do testowania Roztwór rozpyli¿ na owady, które s¿ umieszczone w s¿oiku. Sprawdzi¿, czy insekty te nie zostan¿ zainfekowane w ci¿gu nast¿pnych dni.

Microbial pesticide exists naturally or by genetically changed fungi, protozoans, bacteria or algae. This can be used as an alternate method to chemical insecticide, this is very effective. Biological toxin material is derived from microorganism, for example, fungus or bacterium, this is called microbial toxin. These types of microorganism may cause death or rupture the gut of the pest because these entomopathogens are highly toxic. Studies proved that pathogen develops insecticidal toxin that are very much important in pathogenesis. Antibiotics are the substance that stops the growth or kills microorganism, including both fungi and bacteria. In ¿bactericidal¿, the antibiotics kill the bacteria, whereas in ¿bacteriostatic¿, the antibiotics stop the growth bacteria. It is the success of biotechnology that develops the transgenic crops which are resistance against the major pests and also commercialize the transgenic crops. In first generation, the products include plants with just single insecticidal Bt genes, which shows resistance against the major pests of cotton and corn.