Bücher der Reihe Aus der Reihe: e-fellows.net stipendiaten-wissen

Seminar paper from the year 2011 in the subject Economics - Finance, grade: 1,67, IE Business School, Madrid, language: English, abstract: In 2002, Daniel Kahneman and Vernon L. Smith received the Nobel Prize in economics for their work in decision-making and prospect theory. This was a significant event in the development of behavioral finance and highlighted its crucial role in advancing the understanding of dynamics and behavior in financial decisions for the financial community. Behavioral finance has continuously contributed with unorthodox and non-traditional approaches towards a better comprehension of markets and especially of its agents. The sentiment that market efficiency is an insufficient and somewhat unrealistic concept has been present for a long time. To improve the explanatory value of the concept, the structuring of observed deviations and subsequent analysis of its applications are necessary.The present empirical study contributes to this effort by examining some of the main hypothesized biases and behavioral patterns through practical application. For this objective, a small-scale sample has been subject to a survey on decision-making, in which central conceptual biases are tested empirically. The results may serve as additional insight into behavioral patterns and confirm or challenge widely used concepts of biases in financial decision-making.

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2015 im Fachbereich VWL - Arbeitsmarktökonomik, Note: 1,3, Universität Münster (Ökonomische Politikanalyse), Veranstaltung: Integrationsmodul "Wirtschaft und Recht", Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Schon Adam Smith vermutete im 18. Jahrhundert: Es besteht ein positiver Zusammenhang zwischen der Höhe des Lohnes und der Qualität der Arbeit. Um diesen Zusammenhang genauer untersuchen und verstehen zu können, wurden zahlreiche Modelle entwickelt. Eine der prominenteren Gruppen von Ansätzen sind die der Effizienzlohntheorie, welche mittlerweile nicht nur die Entlohnungspolitik einzelner Unternehmen, sondern auch gesamtwirtschaftliche Phänomene wie Lohnrigiditäten und unfreiwillige Arbeitslosigkeit erklären will.Zu Beginn werde ich den Grundgedanken der Effizienzlohntheorie erläutern sowie die Auswirkungen am shirking-Ansatz darstellen. Daran schließt sich eine mathematische Analyse der Theorie an, zuerst aus Sicht des Einzelunternehmers, dann gesamtwirtschaftlich. Darauf folgt die Darstellung verschiedener neoklassischer als auch soziologischer Erklärungsansätze für die Zahlung von Effizienzlöhnen. Hierbei soll deutlich werden, wie zwei methodologisch unterschiedliche Disziplinen zu ähnlichen Schlüssen gelangen. Im Anschluss daran werde ich das historische Beispiel von Henry Ford für eine praktische Anwendung des Effizienzlohnes darstellen. Die folgende kritische Betrachtung der Theorie wird mit sozialen Aspekten beginnen und schließlich einige Alternativen zur Zahlung von Effizienzlöhnen aufzeigen. Abschließend werden die Argumente für und gegen das Effizienzlohnmodell gegeneinander abgewogen und die dargestellten Theorien in einem Fazit bewertet.

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2012 im Fachbereich Kunst - Management, Vermarktung, Note: 1,3, Otto Beisheim School of Management Vallendar, Veranstaltung: Visions in Arts ¿ Einführung in die europäische Kunstgeschichte, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Die Seminararbeit befasst sich mit Popart im Allgemeinen und Andy Warhols "Marilyn" im Speziellen. Im ersten Teil findet eine Beschreibung und Interpretation von Warhols ¿Marilyn¿ statt. Im Anschluss vergleicht der Autor die Serie der ¿Marilyn¿ mit den ¿Campbell¿s-Soups¿. Abschließend folgt eine Reflektion zum Satz Warhols: ¿Good business is the best art.¿ unter Bezugnahme auf Künstler und Marktstrategen wie Jeff Koons, Damien Hirst und Takashi Murakami.

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2013 im Fachbereich VWL - Makroökonomie, allgemein, Note: 1,7, Zeppelin University Friedrichshafen, Veranstaltung: Sociology, Politics & Economics, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den wichtigsten Grundideen der Verfassungsökonomik. Die Verfassung kann hierbei wie die Spielregeln gesehen werden, nach denen sich der Verlauf des Spiels, also des Wirtschaftsprozesses, richtet. Ich werde darlegen, wie die Verfassungsökonomik die Wünschenswertbarkeit von Regeln definiert. Auf welche Weise können die wünschenswertesten Regeln gefunden werden und von wem sollten sie beschlossen werden. Dabei ist besonders wichtig, dass die Verfassungsökonomik nicht auf potentielle Endergebnisse dieser Regeln schielt, sondern daran interessiert ist, wie sich die Regeln auf die Wirtschaftsprozesse auswirken. Buchanan, der bedeutendste Vertreter der Verfassungsökonomik, überträgt die Ideen systematisch auch auf die Politikebene.Die Verfassungsökonomik steht einerseits der Wohlfahrtsökonomik als Kontrast gegenüber. Andererseits wird diese Arbeit sie mit der ihr von einigen Grundideen ähnlicheren Ordnungstheorie vergleichen, doch auch hier Unterschiede darstellen.

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2013 im Fachbereich VWL - Sonstiges, Note: 2,3, Freie Universität Berlin, Veranstaltung: Markt und Moral, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Die Anwendung von handelbaren Verschmutzungsrechten und Klimakompensationsschemas ist für zahlreiche Ökonomen und Regulierungsbehörden eine geeignete Methode, um den anthropogenbedingten Ausstoß von klimaschädlichen Treibhausgasemissionen effizient und effektiv zu begrenzen. Umweltschützer und Moralphilosophen lehnen den Einsatz von Marktmechanismen zur Reduktion der Emissionen unter anderem aus moralischen Gründen ab. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt die beiden Instrumente kurz vor und analysiert anschließend sechs zentrale moralische Einwände gegenüber diesen Marktmechanismen. Zunächst wird das Argument der Kommerzialisierung und der monetären Bewertung der ¿unbezahlbaren¿ Erdatmosphäre untersucht. Darauf folgt eine Einschätzung über mögliches Outsourcing und Crowding-out von tugendhaften Verhaltensweisen gegenüber der Natur. Schließlich folgt eine Betrachtung des Wandels von Straf- zu Gebührenzahlungen und der möglichen Notwendigkeit von Paternalismus. Die abschließenden Schlussfolgerungen zeigen, dass die Einwände größtenteils plausibel widerlegt oder zumindest entkräftet werden können.

Essay from the year 2013 in the subject Politics - Topic: Globalization, Political Economics, grade: 1,0, Indiana University (Department of Political Science), course: Politics of International Development, language: English, abstract: ¿Great Divergence¿ is the term used to describe the economical asymmetry that happened between the West and other parts of the world. To explain the process of the Great Divergence, a two-step analysis is necessary: Why was Britain in the position to industrialize and why could the other parts of the world not follow the quest of Industrialization, which led ultimately to the Great Divergence? The Industrial Revolution in Britain and its diffusion to Western Europe was the single most important event for the Great Divergence to happen. Britain had unique geopolitical contingencies on its side and was able to pull of the Industrialization due to the functionality of its centralized state and its achieved dominance in international trade. Other parts of the world, namely India and China, did not industrialize because they lacked the incentives Britain had and, in addition to that, they were also held back by dynamics of colonialism or internal struggles.The paper is structured in the following way: After a brief prologue and a look at a contested issue in the field (2.), the explanation will start out with processes and developments that were necessary in leading to the Industrial Revolution and Great Divergence (2.1). The next step is reserved for an in-depth analysis of the Industrial Revolution in Britain contrasted with a look at reasons for a lack of such an event in India and China (2.2). By looking at the diffusion of Industrialization in the West and factors that prevented any sort of that in the East (2.3), an understanding of the Great Divergence will be provided and ultimately finalized and comprehensively summarized in the conclusion (3.).

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2008 im Fachbereich Germanistik - Komparatistik, Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft, Note: 2,3, Universität Bayreuth (Fakultät: Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaften Lehrstuhl: Interkulturelle Germanistik (Deutsch als Fremdsprache)), Veranstaltung: Proseminar: Literatur-Kultur-Fremde. Einführung in die literaturwissenschaftliche Komponente interkultureller Germanistik, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Am Beispiel von W. Koeppens ¿Jakob Littners Aufzeichnungen aus einem Erdloch¿ beschäftigt sich diese Arbeit kritisch mit dem Verständnis literarischer Texte im fremdkulturellen Kontext.Dabei wird anhand von ¿Jakob Littners Aufzeichnungen aus einem Erdloch¿ die Auseinandersetzung mit fremdkulturellen Texten in der interkulturellen Germanistik aufgezeigt. Dabei wird einerseits auf die hermeneutischen Methoden eingegangen, andererseits wird das unkomplexe und vielschattierte Problem thematisiert, welches entsteht, wenn der im fremdkulturellen Kontext verwendete Text in sich schon die Fremde thematisiert. Dazu wird, nach theoretischen Vorbetrachtungen über hermeneutische Methoden, das Werk ¿Jakob Littners Aufzeichnungen aus einem Erdloch¿ bezüglich dieser Aspekte im Detail betrachtet und überraschende Schlüsse gezogen.

Bachelorarbeit aus dem Jahr 2013 im Fachbereich VWL - Geldtheorie, Geldpolitik, Note: 1,3, Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus (Institut für Wirtschaftswissenschaften), Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Staatsverschuldung ist, wie Ottnad (1996, S. 15) feststellt, ein geografisch und historisch universelles Phänomen. ¿Die Geschichte der Existenz von Staatswesen ist gleichzeitig eine Geschichte der Staatsverschuldung¿ (Wagschal, 1996, S. 13). Und die Geschichte der Staatsverschuldung ist wiederum eine Geschichte von Staatsbankrotten, wobei der erste aktenkundige Bankrott auf Dionysius von Syrakus (430-367 v.Chr.) im fünften Jahrhundert vor Christus zurückgeht (Konrad & Zschäpitz, 2010, S. 102-103).Die derzeitige Aktualität begründet sich vor allem mit der Entwicklung der Staatsfinanzen innerhalb der Europäischen Union (EU). So ist die Verschuldung der EU in den letzten zehn Jahren von 61,9 Prozent (2000) auf 82,5 Prozent (2011) gestiegen. Vor allem in Griechenland, Italien, Irland, Island und Portugal liegen die Schuldenstandsquoten mit über 100 Prozent weit über dem von der EU zulässigen Grenzwert (Eurostat, 2013d). Doch nicht nur die hohen und steigenden Schuldenstände werden kritisch gesehen. Die zunehmenden finanziellen Schwierigkeiten einiger EU-Mitgliedstaaten führten zu Rettungspaketen, Hilfszahlungen und Garantien anderer Mitgliedstaaten in dreistelliger Milliardenhöhe, um den Staatsbankrott zu verhindern. Damit drohen für die Geberländer wie Deutschland zukünftig zusätzliche Belastungen für den Staatshaushalt.Der Umfang und die bisher ungebremste Zunahme der Staatsverschuldung innerhalb der EU wirft in der öffentlichen, wissenschaftlichen und politischen Diskussion die Frage nach den Grenzen der Verschuldung auf.

Seminar paper from the year 2013 in the subject Business economics - Economic Policy, grade: 1.0 (Distinction), The University of York (The York Management School), course: International Business and Strategic Management, language: English, abstract: One of the most discussed developments in contemporary political economy is the evolving relationship between states and multinational corporations. With its origins in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, states have long been the most powerful force in economy. However, with the end of the Cold War around 1990 and the evolution of liberalism and neo liberalism, states began to pull back from former state-ruled political decisions. The ideas of the Washington Consensus, mainly shaped by the American economist Milton Friedman and the Chicago School, were voluntarily adopted by many states worldwide, promoting liberalization of markets and trade as well as financial deregulation. The state has repositioned itself as a passive or acquiescent actor within the economy, handing over power to global markets. Consequently, many scholars argue that multinational corporations (MNCs), as another major actor within the economy, have gained power, threatening the sovereignty of states. However, the discussion between different scholars varies widely in terms of whether the state has lost its entire power or still remains a powerful and equal counterpart to MNCs.This essay discusses the nexus between states and MNCs. Furthermore, it will examine what impact institutions have on this relationship considering evidence from recent times. Consequently, it will provide concepts on how to ensure a better functioning of the global economy whilst bearing in mind different perspectives.

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2012 im Fachbereich BWL - Bank, Börse, Versicherung, Note: 1,3, Berufsakademie für Bankwirtschaft, Hannover, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: ¿Price is what you pay, value is what you get.¿ Dieses Zitat der Börsenlegende Warren Buffett stellt den Kern der fundamentalen Aktienanalyse kurz und prägnant heraus. Der Preis, den die Investoren am Markt für eine Aktie bzw. die damit einhergehende Beteiligung an einem Unternehmen zu zahlen bereit sind, muss noch lange nicht dem Wert des Unternehmens entsprechen. Sowohl auf den Preis als auch auf den Wert wirken unterschiedliche Einflussfaktoren ein. Den Preis bildet der Aktienmarkt ab und dieser ist für jeden Investor ohne Mühe ablesbar. Der Wert allerdings muss mühsam ermittelt werden. Die fundamentale Aktienanalyse ist dabei ein Werkzeug der Wertpapieranalyse, die zum Ziel hat, den Wert einer Unternehmung zu bestimmen bzw. das Unternehmen zu bewerten.Wie diese Arbeit aufzeigt, läuft die Bewertung eines Unternehmens auf mehreren Ebenen und unter Berücksichtigung von einer Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Faktoren ab. Zunächst werden die Ziele der fundamentalen Analyse in Kapitel 2.1 aufgezeigt: Was will ein Investor mit ihr erreichen? Anschließend wird in Kapitel 2.2 beschrieben, auf welche Art und Weise vorgegangen wird, um das Ziel zu erreichen. Kapitel 3 unterzieht die fundamentale Aktienanalyse abschließend einer kritischen Würdigung.

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2009 im Fachbereich Südasienkunde, Südostasienkunde, Note: 1,0, Universität Passau, Veranstaltung: Die kulturellen Räume Java und Bali, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Wie dominant ist der indonesische Islam und wie weit reicht der religiöse Pluralismus Indonesiens wirklich?Indonesien, das größte muslimische Land der Welt, propagiert den religiösen Pluralismus. Seit der Sukarno-Ära ist der eigentlich aus einem altjavanischen Gedicht stammende Slogan Bhinneka tunggal ika (¿Einheit in Vielfalt¿) zum Staatsmotto geworden. Anhänger verschiedenster Religionen leben in Indonesien weitgehend friedlich nebeneinander. Feste aller anerkannten Religionen werden als nationale Feiertage begangen. Am Feiertag einer Religion gratuliert man den Anhängern dieser Religion auch, wenn man ihr selbst nicht angehört. Hillary Clinton zeigte bei ihrer Indonesien-Reise Anfang 2009 große Begeisterung: ¿Hier können Islam, Demokratie und Moderne nicht nur koexistieren", so die US-Außenministerin, ¿sondern gemeinsam florieren.¿Auf der anderen Seite stehen terroristische Attentate wie die Bali-Anschläge der Jahre 2002 und 2005 sowie das neue Pornographie-Gesetz, das weltweit für Aufsehen sorgte. In verschiedensten Gebieten kommt es immer wieder zu Konflikten und Gewalt zwischen Muslimen und Anhängern anderer Religionen.

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2011 im Fachbereich BWL - Rechnungswesen, Bilanzierung, Steuern, Note: 1,3, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Veranstaltung: Unternehmensbewertung, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Im Zuge der Globalisierung hat die Anzahl grenzüberschreitender Unternehmenstransaktionen in den letzten Jahrzehnten deutlich zugenommen. Daraus entsteht die Notwendigkeit einer internationalen Angleichung der Vorschriften zur Bewertung von Unternehmen. Während auf dem Gebiet der externen Rechnungslegung bereits weitreichende Harmonisierungsbestrebungen unternommen wurden, ist der Standardisierungsgrad im Bereich der Unternehmensbewertung allerdings noch gering. Vor diesem Hintergrund spielen internationale Organisationen wie das International Valuation Standards Council (IVSC) eine bedeutende Rolle. Das IVSC, ursprünglich aus einer Kooperation zwischen nationalen Bewertungsverbänden hervorgegangen, bemüht sich aktiv um eine Vereinheitlichung internationaler Bewertungsstandards. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, entwickelt und veröffentlicht das IVSC eigene Verlautbarungen, die sogenannten International Valuation Standards (IVS).In den folgenden Ausführungen sollen das IVSC sowie dessen Bewertungsstandards im Kontext der Unternehmensbewertung kritisch erörtert werden. Im zweiten Kapital werden zunächst die Ziele und der Aufbau der Organisation dargestellt, während in Kapitel drei die IVS in ihrer aktuellen Fassung erläutert werden. Das vierte Kapitel behandelt anschließend den neuen Entwurf der Bewertungsstandards, der voraussichtlich Anfang 2012 in Kraft treten wird. Kapitel fünf enthält einen Vergleich mit den Verlautbarungen des Instituts der Wirtschaftsprüfer (IDW), bevor die IVS im sechsten Kapitel einer kritischen Würdigung unterzogen werden. Abschließend werden die wichtigsten Ergebnisse nochmals zusammengefasst.

Essay aus dem Jahr 2010 im Fachbereich Politik - Thema: Europäische Union, University of Bath, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: ¿To become the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world, capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion¿ was the main objective at the Lisbon European Council meeting in 2000 (European Commission, 2002). A decade later ¿ in March 2010 ¿ the Commission set a new strategic goal under the name ¿Europe 2020¿. Achieving a ¿new economic policy coordination process¿ and again ¿smart, sustainable and inclusive growth¿ are the aims of this strategy announced by the Commission in 2010 (European Commission 2010). It becomes obvious that realising these goals requires harmonious coordination of macroeconomic policies. Therefore, this essay explores the different structures and procedures in place to coordinate the macroeconomic policy in the European Union (EU). It will focus upon fiscal and monetary policy-making as well as the Broad Economic Policy Guidelines and the Stability and Growth pact against the background of current debates. Identifying gaps in the policy-making processes will be the emphasis of the first part whereas the second part will be devoted to the exploring whether a form of ¿Economic Government¿ exists. This essay argues that the discrepancy between supranational monetary policy-making and national fiscal policy-making is an obstacle to the achievement of ¿Economic Government¿. Due to increasing interdependence in form of institutions such as the Single Market and especially the introduction of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), coordination has become an imperative. In the view of the European Commission (2002), coordination of economic policies is highly desirable in order to ¿account for direct cross-border spillover effects of national policies on neighbouring countries¿. For instance, policy decisions on a national level have an impact on the inflation and exchange rates, which in turn influences the European Central Bank¿s (ECB) policy decision-making. Begg et al (2003) categorise arising expenses as social costs, as established fiscal policies become destructive to previously implemented guidelines and harm the stability of the overall coordination. Thus a coherent coordination system reduces social costs. [...]

Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Business economics - Business Management, Corporate Governance, grade: 1,67, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, language: English, abstract: The leadership criteria in the EFQM model will be used as a basis for the comparison of six different companies, namely the following banks: Citibank (USA), Deutsche Bank (Germany), Sumitomo Bank (Japan), BNP Paribas (France), Barclays (UK) and Commerzbank (Germany). These banks were chosen for their good solvency and position inside their own country as well as internationally. At the beginning of this paper, we will give a brief overview about the six banks by comparing their Balance Sheets and Income Statements. The insights gained out of this part will be relevant for the further sections. Followed by this, the banks will be compared in this essay using each one of the leadership sub criteria separately one after the other. Strengths and weaknesses of the six banks will be described, and each sub criterion will be analyzed in depth in order to draw meaningful implications. Finally, an overall comparative conclusion will name the relative ¿winners¿ and ¿losers¿ of this competition, pertaining to the EFQM criterion leadership.

Seminar paper from the year 2010 in the subject Politics - Region: Middle and South America, grade: 1,00, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, language: English, abstract: When I visited Venezuela as second travel destination after Ecuador in Latin America last year, I remember very well passing by a huge mural painted on an oil refinery, showing: ¿Patria, Socialismo o Muerte¿. I was struck by that image, as it visualized the impact of the ¿black gold¿, and the attachment of national salvation and ideology to a single resource. Petroleum has changed the trajectory of all countries with the fortune (or the curse, depending on the point of view) of being located on top of its enormous basins more significantly than social scientists could have imagined. While geographically speaking the Middle East has received most academic attention, and also singular African countries have been examined thoroughly, this paper focuses on the case of Latin America, more specifically on its two OPEC members Ecuador and Venezuela. Furthermore, in the context of this course, I became inspired to explore the development and current status of the governmental authorities in both countries, based on the theoretical concept of good governance. Consequently, I will investigate in the link between national wealth in and subsequent exploitation of oil and gas, and its interaction with governance in the respective countries. I will introduce the so-called resource curse phenomenon in this context, as successful management of this somewhat messy socio-economic problem is doubtlessly an important indicator of good governance. Often overlooked in this discussion is the distinguishing feature that governance type plays in the resource curse, as most of the hydrocarbon-rich countries have no democratic political system (Ross 2001). While Ecuador and Venezuela as defective democracies do not directly fall into this category, I will argue that they nonetheless display all major features of the resource curse, so that development, defined in its broadest sense, suffers. The seemingly paradoxical outcome of resource-abundance and poor development needs further governance-focused investigation. I will hence introduce the concept of good governance, followed by an evaluation of Ecuador and Venezuela using objective measurement tools for good governance. In a final point I will address the question of causality and the related problems, due to the complex interaction of resource wealth and governance performance.

Seminar paper from the year 2010 in the subject Politics - Basics and General, grade: 1,00, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, language: English, abstract: Governance is more than an extensively used buzzword of social science literature over the last 20 years. Even though its manifestations have actually existed since the origin of human social thinking, it was not until recently that the concept was adopted, based on an understanding of the genuine realm of governance, encompassing the various facets of its existence. Consequently, work on governance reflects the interest of the social science community in a shifting pattern of governing styles (Stoker 1998). It is this vast array of phenomena related to governance, which creates confusion and misperception about its actual meaning. Rhodes (1997, 52) points to this problem as it ¿would seem that governance has too many meanings to be useful¿. Systemic, managerial, political and further dimensions of governance compete for a functional definition. Hereby, the meaning is often fitted to a context which does not reduce its ambiguity. Hence, academic literature on governance is eclectic and relatively disjointed (Jessop 1995). The theoretical roots are among institutional economics, international relations, organizational studies, development studies, political science, and public administration. Moreover, it can be interpreted as descriptive term, analytical concept, and normative constitution (Nuscheler 2009, 9).This essay, unconstrained by any context of a particular study discipline or academic field, investigates different meanings of governance in a more theoretical manner. It aims at discussing some of the most widely used applications of the concept of governance in order to identify diverging strands of meaning as well as common assumptions. For this purpose, the paper looks at governance interpreted as voluntary exchange in the political arena. It explores the meaning of governance as code for a minimal state, and it includes further the connotation of governance as good governance in a separate section. A final point will discuss corporate governance as yet another application field of governance from a business perspective. The main features of each of the four meanings will allow in the conclusion to assess in how far governance has a common understanding in social sciences.

Seminar paper from the year 2009 in the subject Sociology - Politics, Majorities, Minorities, grade: 1,33, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, language: English, abstract: More than 37 million spectators attended football games in 2007-08 while 3,842 people were arrested for disorder connected to matches according to the UK Home Office. Of those arrests, 373 were for violent crimes ¿ an increase of 33 over the previous season. On the other hand, 67% of matches were problem-free and did not result in any arrest. Instead, 60% of football-related arrests took place outside or away from the football stadia (Home Office, 2008). These statistics show that football violence is at least remarkable enough to draw attention of government departments and statisticians. In the past decades, numerous scholars have tried to analyse the roots and dynamics of this violent fan behaviour (Dunning, 2000) that has been labelled ¿Hooliganism¿. The name-giving implies that football-related violence is considered as more than just some weekly disturbances. It is regarded as a social phenomenon which needs to be observed, investigated, and defined which can eventually lead to an understanding of and response to this behaviour. In our paper we will expose to what extent this phenomenon can be classified as a social movement. Before, we will look at the rise and growth of Hooliganism exemplifying it with some extreme occurrences. We are going to describe Hooligan behaviour and the people who engage in it trying to pin point typical characteristics and motivations of Hooligans. Doing that we want to justify that Hooliganism can be understood as a social movement which will allow us to apply different social movement models on Hooliganism. In order to arrive at the rationale of Hooliganism a descriptive definition is necessary which will give the further analyses and interpretation a basic framework. With several similar definitions of Hooliganism to choose from, the one meaning that we are going to use as a point of departure terms Hooliganism as ¿competitive violence of socially organized fan groups in football, principally directed against opposing fan groups¿ (Spaaij, 2006, p. 11).

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2010 in the subject Business economics - Economic Policy, grade: 1,33, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, language: English, abstract: Ecuador and Venezuela, two Latin American OPEC member states, experienced a socioeconomic upheaval with the windfall petroleum revenues beginning in the 1970s. The oil bonanzas, however, negatively affected the development in the two countries, which show minimal economic growth and political instability throughout the last thirty years. The paradoxical phenomenon can be explained with the resource curse theory. This paper starts with determining the extent of the resource curse and its forms of appearance in both countries. In a second step, it investigates good governance trends in Ecuador and Venezuela in recent years, using the World Bank indicators as guideline. This is done in order to test the hypothesis whether the current left-oriented governments are better able to tame the resource curse with their ¿innovative¿ political ideology. The findings display a downward development in good governance since presidents rule who advocate ¿Socialism of the 21st century¿. In fact, such an ideology is no remedy to the resource curse but tends to reinforce the negative economic situation, which in return is likely to deteriorate good governance even further. As the results are similar in both countries, one can possibly attribute the described trend to that form of governance in a more generalized manner.

Master's Thesis from the year 2011 in the subject Business economics - Offline Marketing and Online Marketing, grade: 1,0, ESCP Europe Business School - Campus London (Lehrstuhl für Marketing), course: Konsumentenverhalten, language: English, abstract: Es handelt sich bei dieser Datei um den Anhang der Masterarbeit 'Impacts of Interdependencies between Strategies on an Individual's Increase in Relative Status - An Exploratory Study'Inhalt ist:INTERVIEW GUIDE SAMPLE AND NOTES FROM THE AUTHOR ABOUT THE INTERVIEWS INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPTS Masterarbeit bei GRIN:https://www.grin.com/login/#documents/174208

Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Business economics - Operations Research, grade: 1,00, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, language: English, abstract: The Eurobarometer (EB) is a survey series that has been conducted since 1973 to monitor public opinion on several issues concerning the European Union. It provides a dynamic measure of the EU citizens¿ economic, social and political attitudes toward issues related to the EU including attitudes towards EU policies and institutions and general socio-cultural and political orientations of its citizens, based on a set of standard question over time. In addition to conducting standard EB survey, the EU also conducts special EB surveys which focus on a particular topic of interest to the EU. EB 225/Wave63.1 titled ¿Science and Technology, Social Values, and Services of General Interest¿ is one of such special surveys which addressed three special topics. One of the topics was ¿Social Values, Science and Technology¿. In order to measure EU public¿s social values in relation to science and technology, it measured social values of respondents.One indicator of social values used by the EB questionnaire was social and political attitudes which assessed the values and ethical principles of European citizens on themes such as overall satisfaction with life, their religious and spiritual beliefs and children¿s upbringing. The measure of social and political attitude also included measuring educational values which were assessed on the basis of eight values - independence, obedience, hard work, sense of responsibility, imagination, tolerance and respect for other people, thrift, economizing and avoiding waste and determination, perseverance. These eight values have been used in studies that have used Kohn¿s self-direction values. By self-direction it means ¿the capacity to take responsibility for one¿s actions and that society is so constituted as to make self-direction possible; the opposite pole of this concept is conformity to external authority¿ (Kohn et al.,1997). Hence, using Kohn¿s theory that ¿child-rearing values reflect a broader set of values¿ (1977), and using the differentiation of Kohn¿s value items into different factors provided by Yi et al. (2004), education values can be divided into two sub constructs: 1. Self-direction values with the items ¿Independence¿, ¿Imagination¿, ¿Determination/Perseverance¿, ¿Sense of Responsibility¿ and 2. Conformity values with the items ¿Hard work¿, ¿Obedience¿, ¿Thrift/ Economizing and avoiding waste¿.

Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Sociology - Methodology and Methods, grade: 1,00, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, language: English, abstract: Cultural intelligence (CQ) is ¿an individual¿s capability to adapt effectively to new cultural contexts¿ (Early & Ang, 2003, p. 59). To measure CQ the Cultural Research Group at Florida Tech University have used a multidimensional scale with four specific components which they use as the initial indicators of CQ: Cognitive CQ, Meta-Cognitive CQ, Motivational CQ, and Behavioral CQ. The Cultural Intelligence Scale (CQS) was developed by Ang, (Ang et al, In Press) to assess CQ. The content validity of this model has serious problems as there are many important indicators of Cultural Knowledge missing. The missing elements impair the ability of the test to accurately measure cultural knowledge. Some indicators which we believe are missing include time perception and eating behavior and traditional foods. Also it is much more useful to combine the indicator ¿Language¿ together with the indicator for ¿non verbal displays¿ because separating the variables loses important areas like greetings and verbal communication displays that may not exactly fall under language or non-verbal displays. Thus we suggest an indicator for verbal and non verbal communication as this includes both language and non verbal displays but also provides for questions about greetings and colloquial speech. Lastly we also suggest that the indicator ¿Arts and Crafts¿ should be replaced with the indicator Arts which would cover cultural areas such as music, theater, and artwork that were previously left out by the original construct. After fixing the problems of content validity in our questionnaire it is apparent this questionnaire is extremely adaptable to other cultures. All items on the questionnaire should be etic as they are assessing knowledge that anyone could know. Thus for applying the construct to German culture it was unnecessary to change the construct at all. All indicators are relevant and would be understood by Germans. Therefore for German culture the construct (when corrected for content validity) is again the latent construct of Cognitive CQ with the indicators Legal and Economic Systems, Verbal and Non-verbal Communication Rules, Religion and Values, Marriage Systems, Arts, Geography, Time Perception, and Eating Behavior and Traditional Foods. Thus it is unnecessary to redraw the measurement model. Also as all aspects of this survey are etic there is no change in the items from one culture to another.

Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Social Studies (General), grade: 1,33, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, language: English, abstract: While writing this essay, it became clear to me that our upcoming generation can hardlyimagine how this world looked like, before the triumph of the internet about ten years agoturned our information-based society upside down. Internet has taken up an enormous speedof growing, that justifies labeling it the Super Medium. Participation is easy and cheap; thereis not much technology or expertise necessary, while at the same time traditional forms ofmedia, such as print media, letters, or the telephone are all combined and readily available.Pertaining to the course background of this paper, the networking component of this mediumobviously plays a central role. The Internet facilitates finding partners for any form ofinteraction. Networking, furthermore, is possible on the societal and the individual levelwhich is a unique feature. These and many more characteristics call for a more detailedexamination of the internet with regards to Social Capital. Widespread research about thisrelation has already been conducted, yet outcomes and interpretations vary drastically.This paper will bring more order in this conflicting field by tackling the question whether theinternet has a positive or negative impact on Social Capital. Thus, first a precise definition ofSocial Capital is provided. Followed by this, positive arguments about the internet arepresented and underpinned by existing research findings. The third section then focuses onmajor refutations of the internet propagating Social Capital. Ultimately, a concise comparisonof both 'sides' shows that the positive impact of the internet overall prevails.

Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2008 in the subject Cultural Studies - Basics and Definitions, grade: 1,33, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, language: English, abstract: Over the last decades, the rise of Social Capital as a central field of research in Social Science has contributed to an increasingly controversial and in-depth debate about trust. In particular, the identification of valid predictors for trust has been widely discussed, entailing various theories and outcomes. In the context of this course, this paper focuses on one specific predictor for trust, which has been generally accepted, namely the degree of diversity. Many scholars have applied this relationship of diversity and trust, yet by using very diverse definitions of what they understand by diversity. This paper seeks at filling this gap of lacking conceptual clarification in terms of measuring diversity. We aim at answering the question whether or not the diversity measure has a significant impact on trust as the dependent measurement variable, and if so, which diversity variable matters most. For this research, we combine three papers related to the research question. Alesina et al. (2003) have presented a more comprehensive overview of diversity by introducing three different measures (ethnic, linguistic, and religious). Secondly, Fearon (2003) contributed to the topic through the refinement of the ethnic diversity measures, and the development of two indicators, ethnic and cultural fractionalization. Furthermore, he divided his large sample of countries into six world regions, a typology which we will also use in our study in order to identify possible peculiarities according to a certain region. We will combine the three measures by Alesina et al. (2003) and the two by Fearon (2003) and correlate those five independent variables with the dependent variable ¿trust¿ on a country level, whose scores are taken from Bjørnskov (2008). The stronger the correlation, the more relevant we interpret the respective independent variable for trust. Moreover, we introduce viable controlling variables in order to eliminate external influences. After the already described screening for regional specialties, we finally execute a linear regression which would further explore the relationships between our variables of interest. We will argue on the basis of our findings that the diversity measure matters, in particular that ethnic fractionalization has the strongest impact on generalized social trust.

Bachelorarbeit aus dem Jahr 2010 im Fachbereich Jura - Zivilrecht / Handelsrecht, Gesellschaftsrecht, Kartellrecht, Wirtschaftsrecht, Note: 10, 5, Bucerius Law School - Hochschule für Rechtswissenschaften in Hamburg, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Auch wenn die Bachelorarbeit im Bereich Gesellschaftsrecht geschrieben wurde, sind viele arbeitsrechtliche Bezüge zu entdecken. Dies ist der Thematik jedoch geschuldet!