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It is the mark of an instructed mind to rest satisfied with the degree of precision which the nature of the subject admits, and not to seek exactness where only an approximation of the truth is possible. Aristotle With the development of imaging techniques, the in vivo study of human anatomy and physiology has become possible with increasing "e;approximation of the truth. "e; Advances have been made not only in data acquisition, but also in processing as well as visualization of functional and morphological data. Following the successful application of planar two-dimensional imaging approaches, more recently three-dimensional data acquisition and correspond- ing tomographic image reconstruction has become possible. With the rapid growth of computer support, advanced processing allows for user-friendly interaction with complex data sets. Classical x-ray imaging techniques have matured to excellent spatial resolution and contrast, which provide specific delineation of anatomical changes occurring in cardiovascular disease. In parallel, the use of tracer principles supported the successful introduction of nuclear medicine procedures for the functional characterization of physiology and pathophysiology. The application of such techniques were initially limited by relatively poor spatial resolution, but excelled in high sensitivity 30 years, scintigraphic imaging emerged from and specificity. In the last rectilinear scanning to planar gamma camera imaging and single-photon xvi Preface emISSIOn tomography (SPECT). Based on these advances and the experi- mental success of autoradiography, the potential of scintigraphy as a clinical and research tool has been well appreciated.

Over the past several years, cooperative control and optimization has un- questionably been established as one of the most important areas of research in the military sciences. Even so, cooperative control and optimization tran- scends the military in its scope -having become quite relevant to a broad class of systems with many exciting, commercial, applications. One reason for all the excitement is that research has been so incredibly diverse -spanning many scientific and engineering disciplines. This latest volume in the Cooperative Systems book series clearly illustrates this trend towards diversity and creative thought. And no wonder, cooperative systems are among the hardest systems control science has endeavored to study, hence creative approaches to model- ing, analysis, and synthesis are a must! The definition of cooperation itself is a slippery issue. As you will see in this and previous volumes, cooperation has been cast into many different roles and therefore has assumed many diverse meanings. Perhaps the most we can say which unites these disparate concepts is that cooperation (1) requires more than one entity, (2) the entities must have some dynamic behavior that influences the decision space, (3) the entities share at least one common objective, and (4) entities are able to share information about themselves and their environment. Optimization and control have long been active fields of research in engi- neering.

Clustering is an important technique for discovering relatively dense sub-regions or sub-spaces of a multi-dimension data distribution. Clus- tering has been used in information retrieval for many different purposes, such as query expansion, document grouping, document indexing, and visualization of search results. In this book, we address issues of cluster- ing algorithms, evaluation methodologies, applications, and architectures for information retrieval. The first two chapters discuss clustering algorithms. The chapter from Baeza-Yates et al. describes a clustering method for a general metric space which is a common model of data relevant to information retrieval. The chapter by Guha, Rastogi, and Shim presents a survey as well as detailed discussion of two clustering algorithms: CURE and ROCK for numeric data and categorical data respectively. Evaluation methodologies are addressed in the next two chapters. Ertoz et al. demonstrate the use of text retrieval benchmarks, such as TRECS, to evaluate clustering algorithms. He et al. provide objective measures of clustering quality in their chapter. Applications of clustering methods to information retrieval is ad- dressed in the next four chapters. Chu et al. and Noel et al. explore feature selection using word stems, phrases, and link associations for document clustering and indexing. Wen et al. and Sung et al. discuss applications of clustering to user queries and data cleansing. Finally, we consider the problem of designing architectures for infor- mation retrieval. Crichton, Hughes, and Kelly elaborate on the devel- opment of a scientific data system architecture for information retrieval.

This volume presents the results of approximately 15 years of work from researchers around the world on the use of fuzzy set theory to represent imprecision in databases. The maturity of the research in the discipline and the recent developments in commercial/industrial fuzzy databases provided an opportunity to produce this survey. In this introduction we will describe briefly how fuzzy databases fit into the overall design of database systems and then overview the organization of the text. FUZZY DATABASE LANDSCAPE The last five years have been witness to a revolution in the database research community. The dominant data models have changed and the consensus on what constitutes worthwhile research is in flux. Also, at this time, it is possible to gain a perspective on what has been accomplished in the area of fuzzy databases. Therefore, now is an opportune time to take stock of the past and establish a framework. A framework should assist in evaluating future research through a better understanding of the different aspects of imprecision that a database can model [ 1 l.

Existing sections in ESD Frim A to Z have been thoroughly revised and updated. New examples have been added to the troubleshooting chapter; and new versions of model specifications for ESD-safe handling and packaging can be found in the specifications chapter. The Appendix now includes ten recently published papers (making a total of 20) whose topics span the field of ESD control.

As with the first edition this book includes chapters on established fish processes and new processes and allied issues. The first five chapters cover fish biochemistry affecting processing, curing, surimi and fish mince, chilling and freezing and canning. These established processes can still show innovations and improved theory although their mature status precludes major leaps in knowledge and technology. The four chapters concerned with new areas relevant to fish processing are directed at the increasing globalisation of the fish processing industry and the demands, from legislation and the consumer, for better quality, safer products. One chapter reviews the methods available to identify fish species in raw and processed products. The increased demand for fish products and the reduced catch of commercially-important species has lead to adulteration or substitu- tion of these species with cheaper species. The ability to detect these practices has been based on some elegant analytical techniques in electrophoresis.

An impulse for writing this book has originated from the effort to sum- marize and publicise the acquired results of a research team at the De- partment of Automation of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and In- formatics, Slovak Technical University in Bratislava. The research team has been involved for a long time with control problems for machine production mechanisms and, in recent (approximately 15) years, its effort was aimed mostly at the control of electrical servosystems of robots. Within this scope, the members of the authors' staff solved the State Re- search Task Ultrasonic sensing of the position of a robot hand, which was coordinated by the Institute of Technical Cybernetics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava. The problem was solved in a complex way, i.e. from a conceptual de- sign of the measurement, through the measurement and evaluation sys- tem, up to connection to the control system of a robot. Compensation of the atmospheric influence on the precision of measurement, as well as on the electroacoustical transducers, were important parts of the solution. The solution was aimed at using the ultrasonic pulse method which en- ables the measurement of absolute 3D position coordinates, contrary to the relative position measurements by the incremental pick-ups which are standard robotic equipment.

Innovation in new product development is a key factor in determining the success of a food company yet the area is fraught with risk, with failure rates in excess of 90% being common. Using a series of 12 European cases studies, this book examines the innovation process from agriculture through to retailer. Each example highlights a different aspect of innovation, and the lessons that can be learned from experience. It considers the important role that marketing as well as technical aspects play in the process.

Resource Management for Distributed Multimedia Systems addresses the problems and challenges of handling several continuous- media data streams in networked multimedia environments. The work demonstrates how resource management mechanisms can be integrated into a stream handling system. The resulting system includes functions for Quality of Service (QoS) calculations, scheduling, determination of resource requirements, and methods to reduce resource requirements. The work explains the following: a suitable system architecture and resource management scheme that allows for the provision and enforcement of QoS guarantee, resource scheduling mechanisms for CPU and buffer space, mechanisms to measure and collect resource requirements, methods to extend resource management to future scenarios by allowing the reservation of resources in advance and offering sealing mechanisms. . Resource Management for Distributed Multimedia Systems is a comprehensive view of resource management for a broad technical audience that includes computer scientists and engineers involved in developing multimedia applications.

Privacy and security risks arising from the application of different data miningtechniques to large institutional data repositories have been solely investigated by anew research domain, the so-called privacy preserving data mining. Association rulehiding is a new technique on data mining, which studies the problem of hiding sensitiveassociation rules from within the data. Association Rule Hiding for Data Mining addresses the optimization problem of"e;hiding"e; sensitive association rules which due to its combinatorial nature admitsa number of heuristic solutions that will be proposed and presented in this book. Exact solutions of increased time complexity that have been proposed recently arealso presented as well as a number of computationally efficient (parallel) approachesthat alleviate time complexity problems, along with a discussion regarding unsolvedproblems and future directions. Specific examples are provided throughout this bookto help the reader study, assimilate and appreciate the important aspects of this challengingproblem. Association Rule Hiding for Data Mining is designed for researchers, professorsand advanced-level students in computer science studying privacy preserving datamining, association rule mining, and data mining. This book is also suitable forpractitioners working in this industry.

In "The gm/ID Methodology, a Sizing Tool for Low-Voltage Analog CMOS Circuits", we compare the semi-empirical to the compact model approach. Small numbers of parameters make the compact model attractive for the model paves the way towards analytic expressions unaffordable otherwise. The E.K.V model is a good candidate, but when it comes to short channel devices, compact models are either inaccurate or loose straightforwardness. Because sizing requires basically a reliable large signal representation of MOS transistors, we investigate the potential of the E.K.V model when its parameters are supposed to be bias dependent. The model-driven and semi-empirical methods are compared considering the Intrinsic Gain Stage and a few more complex circuits. A series of MATLAB files found on extras-springer.com allow redoing the tests.

Ever since the first volume appeared in 1969, this series has received good reviews in a variety of periodicals published in different corners of the world. It would seem that the work has fulfilled its purpose as outlined in the Preface to Volume 1. The rapidly increasing interest in surface and colloid science by people engaged in industrial research and development, and in environmental, ecological, medical, pharmaceutical, and other areas, justifies the continuation of such an effort. The Surface and Colloid Science series originated with John Wiley and Sons and has been continued with Plenum Press. This volume is the third with the present publisher, and is the best assurance of our mutual interest to proceed with this work. Some books in the series, as was the case with Volume 11, may appear under the editorship of other workers in the field. For reasons of continuity, a sequential numbering system will be maintained. This editor hopes to provide the scientific and technical community with high-quality contributions in surface and colloid science in the future. He invites specialists to submit definitive chapters on any topic within the broad area of our discipline for inclusion in this series.

This volume chronicles the proceedings of the Third Symposium on Metallized Plastics: Fundamental and Applied Aspects held under the auspices of the Dielectric Science and Technology Division of the Electrochemical Society in Phoenix, Arizona, October 13-18, 1991. This series of symposia to address the subject of metallized plastics was initiated in 1988 and the premier symposium was held in Chicago, October 10-12, 1988, followed by the second event in Montreal, Canada, May 7-10, 1990. The rroceedings of these two symposia have been properly documented ,2. The third symposium was a huge success like the previous two events, and all this is testimonial to the brisk interest and high tempo of R&D activity in the fie14 of metallized plastics. This further bolsters our earlier thinking that there was a conspicuous need to hold symposia on this topic on a regular basis and the fourth is planned for May 16-21, 1993 in Honolulu, Hawaii. The study of metallized plastics constitutes an important human endeavor l and as pointed out earlier there are myriad applications of metallized plastics ranging from very commonplace to exotic. Also a survey of the recent literature will reveal that both the fundamental and applied aspects of metallized plastics are being pursued with great vigor.

In the last three decades. use of antibiotics/drugs in animal husbandry programs has grown tremendously. Antibiotics/drugs are used therapeutically to cure diseases. and subtherapeutically to control the outbreak of diseases, improve feed efficiency and promote growth. The presence of antibiotic/drug residues in food products of animal origin. i.e .. meat, poultry and milk, can be a potential health hazard to consumers. Significant research is being done to develop new methods or to improve on existing methods to confirm and quantitatively determine the antibiotic/drug residues in meat, poultry and milk. This book covers recent development and application of various analytical techniques for the determination of antibiotic/drug residues in food products of animal origin. I thank the authors for their time and efforts in preparing the manuscripts and "all the reviewers for reviewing the manuscripts. I also thank to the Division of Agricultural and Food Chemistry of the American Chemical Society for sponsoring the symposium and Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, CA, Perkin Elmer Corp., Norwalk, CT, Millipore Corporation, Milford, MA, and Kraft General Foods, Glenview, IL, for their generous financial support for the symposium. Vipin K. Agarwal New Haven, CT v CONTENTS Importance of Laboratory Validations and Accurate Descriptions of Analytical Procedures for Drug Residues in Foods ................. .

The term biotechnology has emerged on the contemporary scene fairly recently, but the basic concept of utilizing natural materials, either directly or in modified versions, dates back to antiquity. If we search the ancient literature, such as the Bible, we find hundreds of examples wherein people employed, or modified, natural materials for a variety of important uses. As far back as the days of Noah we find pitch, a natural material, being used as a caulk. Clothing was made from animal skins and the products of several plants. Today, we would consider these things as important biotechnological developments. Likewise, the human use of polymeric materials also has a long his­ tory. In fact, many of the original materials used by mankind were poly­ mers derived from nature, such as wood, flax, cotton, wool and animal skins, which were used for shelter and clothing. In recent years, however, the concept of biotechnology has taken on a new and renewed role in our society. This is due to a combination of factors, including an increased interest in environmental concerns and the desire to break free from the stranglehold that petrochemicals have placed on our society. If we can manufacture some of our polymers from renewable resources, then we can expect to prepare them for many more years into the future than we might if we could only depend on the petro­ chemical resources.