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The point estimators are put into the model to compute system descriptors like mean time an item spends in the system, or the expected number of transactions leaving the system per unit time. The system descriptors we want (time in system, number leaving per unit time) will be fuzzy numbers.

Including 16 reviews, this reader gives an overview of the history of photosynthesic carbon metabolism research.

Since the nonlinearities are caused, first of all, by contacts between different mechanical parts, the main part of this book is devoted to oscillations in mechanical systems with discontinuities caused by dry friction and collisions.

As a result of the favorable comments upon the first edition, from students and colleagues, I have included a part on mathematical theory related to wave pro- gation in orthotropic solids in the general text, in order to enable the interested reader to follow the essentially physical aspects of the subject.

Devoted to structural issues, algorithms, and applications of resource allocation problems in project management. This book places emphasis to a unifying framework within which a large variety of project scheduling problems can be treated.

Use of argumentation methods applied to legal reasoning is a relatively new field of study. The problems studied include not only these of argument evaluation and argument invention, but also analysis of specific kinds of evidence commonly used in law, like witness testimony, circumstantial evidence, forensic evidence and character evidence.

Free Convective Heat Transfer is a thorough survey of various kinds of free-convective flows and heat transfer.

The volume o?ers a theoretical - tension of mathematical economics, applying recent results of Hopf algebras, quasi-Hopf algebras, representation theory, theory of categories, and defor- tion theories, in looking for suitable mathematical methodology of economic property rights theories and foundations of general theory of economic agr- ments.

Studies the international coordination of monetary and fiscal policies in the world economy. This book discusses the process of policy competition and the structure of policy cooperation.

Although the chapters (and in some cases parts of the chapters) were originally written by one of the two authors, all of them were discussed thoroughly and in detail and have been revised and complemented afterwards. In this sense the authors feel speci?cally responsible for the chapters as follows: Mittelstaedt for Chaps.

A group of authors from the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute in St Petersburg, Russia, have all achieved individual doctoral theses on various aspects of Arctic and Antarctic research. This book is written by experienced group of researchers and authors.

The problem of evaluating Feynman integrals over loop momenta has existed from the early days of perturbative quantum field theory. Although a great variety of methods for evaluating Feynman integrals has been developed over a span of more than fifty years, this book is a first attempt to summarize them.

Dif ferent customers may value each of these characteristics differently, hence the customer's type will not in general be captured by a unidimensional characteristic and a problem of multidimensional screening arises.

At the beginning of the 21st century industrial contami- tion and the corrosion-active nature of the environment reached a level such that corrosive damage of materials became commensurate with their prod- tion volume and expenditure on anticorrosion protection of machines became comparable with investments in basic production.

It is the first application to nuclear physics from energy-density functional method, for which Professor Walter Kohn received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The book presents a comprehensive extension of the Bohr-Wheeler theory with the present knowledge of nuclear density distribution function.

The study of semiconductor-layer structures using infrared ellipsometry is a rapidly growing field within optical spectroscopy.

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the growing field of nuclear solid state physics with synchrotron radiation, a technique that is finding a number of unique applications in fields such as magnetism, surface science, and lattice dynamics.

This book offers a gentle introduction to the engineering aspects of hybrid intelligent systems, also emphasizing the interrelation with the main intelligent technologies such as genetic algorithms - evolutionary computation, neural networks, fuzzy systems, evolvable hardware, DNA computing, artificial immune systems.

Focuses on an interpersonal/scientific conflict involving the 'Father of Modern Soil Mechanics' Karl von Terzaghi. This book exemplifies the 'human side' of science in which, sometimes, the prominence of a theorist and the inertia of the 'accepted wisdom' can inhibit progress and rational discussion of the facts.

Ranging from theoretical foundations to real-life applications, this book is intended to provide engineers and researchers with methodologies for taking advantage of neural networks in industrial, financial or banking applications. It features appendices and algorithmic details for efficient programming and implementation.

For the first time approaches such as the screened Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method are reviewed, considering all formal steps such as single-site scattering, structure constants and screening transformations, and also the numerical point of view.

This book provides an overview of existing methods for allocating costs and benefits. It will help readers evaluate the pros and cons of various methods involved in terms of factors such as fairness, consistency, stability, monotonicity and manipulability.

This book argues that all social events ranging from music and art to the rise and fall of civilizations are biased by a society's positive or negative attitude. It includes many examples plus methods used to measure societal moods and predict the future.

This text describes the applications of the Fourier transform to the modeling of volatility smile. It comprehensively treats option valuation in a unified framework, covering stochastic volatilities and interest rates, Poisson and Levy jumps, and more.

The text describes eutrophication of shallow, temperate lakes, and examines the influence of toxic substances on the aquatic ecosystem, and proposes that nutrients like phosphorus are not the only important factor in explaining and managing eutrophication.

This is the first volume of a modern introduction to quantum field theory which addresses both mathematicians and physicists ranging from advanced undergraduate students to professional scientists. It bridges the gap between the different languages they use.

Pulsed-Power Systems describes the physical and technical foundations for the production and application of high-voltage pulses of very high-power and high-energy character.

Optical disc industry is one of the successful businesses in the world, and huge amounts of discs and drives have been spread all over the world.